Lake Michigan LaMP CONTENTS Section Page Acknowledgements Preface.......................................................................... P-1 Executive Summary............................................................... ES-1 Chapter 1 Lake Michigan LaMP Overview: Program Structure, Scope,cale, and Public Involvement 1.1 About This Chapter .......................................................... 1-1 1.2 About the LaMP – Why ...................................................... 1-1 1.3 About the LaMP – Who ...................................................... 1-2 1.4 About the LaMP – Program Structure ........................................... 1-2 1.4.1 Management Committee ............................................... 1-2 1.4.2 The Technical Coordinating Committees .................................. 1-3 1.4.3 The Lake Michigan Monitoring Coordinating Council ........................ 1-3 1.4.4 The Lake Michigan Forum ............................................. 1-3 1.5 About the LaMP- How ....................................................... 1-4 1.5.1 The Document and Reporting ........................................... 1-4 1.5.2 Science and Models: The Lake Michigan Mass Balance Project ................ 1-4 1.6 About the LaMP – Scope ..................................................... 1-5 1.7 About the LaMP – Where ..................................................... 1-6 1.8 The LaMP Document – Organization............................................ 1-9 1.9 The LaMP Document – Public Involvement ..................................... 1-10 1.9.1 Public Comments .................................................... 1-11 1.9.2 Next Steps ......................................................... 1-12 Chapter 2 Lake Michigan Lakewide Management Plan: Vision, Goals, and Ecosystem Objectives 2.1 About This Chapter ...........................................................2-1 2.2 The Goal Development Process.................................................2-1 2.3 The Goal Structure of the Lake Michigan LaMP....................................2-3 2.4 Linking LaMP Goals to Beneficial Use Impairments.................................2-3 2.5 Linking LaMP Goals to Indicator Development ....................................2-5 2.6 Linking LaMP Goals to Monitoring and Reporting..................................2-6 2.7 Linking LaMP Goals to Effective Implementation ..................................2-7 2.8 Linking LaMP Goals to Other Initiatives and Efforts ................................2-7 2.9 Linking LaMP Goals to Partners and Stakeholders: Examples .........................2-9 GLOSSARY......................................................................2-13 i CONTENTS (Continued) Lake Michigan LaMP Chapter 3 Indicators and Monitoring of the Health of the Lake Michigan Ecosystem 3.1 About This Chapter ...........................................................3-1 3.2 Environmental Indicators......................................................3-1 3.3 Monitoring in the Lake Michigan Basin..........................................3-21 Chapter 4 Lake Michigan LaMP: Current Status of the Ecosystem, Beneficial Use Impairments, and Human Health 4.1 About This Chapter ...........................................................4-1 4.2 Current Status of the Lake Michigan Ecosystem ...................................4-1 4.2.1 Atmospheric Component of the Lake Michigan Ecosystem .............4-7 4.2.1.1 The Atmosphere’s Influence on Lake Michigan ...............4-7 4.2.1.2 Atmospheric Interaction Within the Lake Michigan Ecosystem . 4-8 4.2.1.3 Current Status of Lake Michigan’s Airshed ...................4-9 4.2.2 Status and Assessment of Lake Michigan Habitats ....................4-12 4.2.2.1 Open Waters ..........................................4-16 4.2.2.2 Coastal Wetland System .................................4-24 4.2.2.3 Inland Wetland System ..................................4-27 4.2.2.4 Tributary System ......................................4-29 4.2.2.5 Coastal Shore System ...................................4-31 4.2.2.6 Lakeplain System ......................................4-36 4.2.2.7 Inland Terrestrial System ................................4-40 4.2.3 Wildlife ......................................................4-43 4.2.4 Human Systems ...............................................4-48 4.2.4.1 Swimming ............................................4-49 4.2.4.2 Fishing ..............................................4-55 4.2.4.3 Hunting ..............................................4-62 4.2.4.4 Boating ..............................................4-63 4.2.4.5 Lake and Landscape Observation ..........................4-64 4.2.4.6 Water Consumption (including diversion) ...................4-67 4.2.4.7 Summary of Human Health Issues .........................4-71 4.2.5 Economic Vitality ..............................................4-72 4.2.5.1 Water Used for Industrial and Agricultural Purposes ..........4-72 4.2.5.2 Commercial Navigation .................................4-75 4.3 Overview of Lake Michigan Status and Management Needs...................4-82 4.3.1 Research and Information Gathering ...............................4-82 4.3.2 International Protection Initiatives .................................4-83 ii CONTENTS (Continued) Lake Michigan LaMP 4.3.3 Protection Initiatives ............................................4-83 4.3.4 Restoration ...................................................4-84 4.3.5 Recommendations ..............................................4-84 4.4 Overall Assessment...................................................4-85 Chapter 5 Lake Michigan Stressor Sources and Loads 5.1 About this Chapter ...........................................................5-1 5.1.1 Physical Stressors ...............................................5-5 5.1.1.1 Overview of Physical Stressors ...........................5-5 5.1.1.2 Land Use ............................................5-5 5.1.1.3 Other Physical Stressors ................................5-12 5.1.1.4 Sources of Data and Information .........................5-16 5.1.2 Biological Stressors - Aquatic Nuisance Species and Pathogens ..........5-17 5.1.3 Pathogens ....................................................5-26 5.1.3.1 Introduction ..........................................5-26 5.1.3.2 Overview ............................................5-26 5.1.3.3 Effects ..............................................5-27 5.1.3.4 Sources and Loadings in the Basin ........................5-28 5.1.3.5 Sources of Data and Information .........................5-28 5.1.4 Chemical Stressors .............................................5-30 5.1.4.1 Identifying Lake Michigan Critical Pollutants ...............5-30 5.1.4.2 Other Pollutants of Interest ..............................5-31 5.1.4.3 Sources of Data and Information .........................5-38 5.2 Overview of Stressor Sources..................................................5-41 5.2.1 Point Source Discharges .........................................5-41 5.2.2 Atmospheric Emissions .........................................5-42 5.2.2.1 Air Deposition........................................5-43 5.2.2.2 Long-Range Transport of Pollutants .......................5-43 5.2.2.3 Status and Current Efforts Underway ......................5-43 5.2.2.4 Data Gaps Identified ...................................5-46 5.2.3 Legacy Sources ................................................5-46 5.2.3.1 Contaminated Sediments ..............................5-46 5.2.3.2 Contaminated Land and Groundwater .....................5-49 5.3 Stressor Loading and Effects ..................................................5-50 iii CONTENTS (Continued) Lake Michigan LaMP 5.3.1 Trends in Habitat Loss ..........................................5-50 5.3.1.1 Trends in Agricultural Land Use .........................5-50 5.3.1.2 Trends in Urban Growth/Sprawl .........................5-51 5.3.1.3 Trends in Mineral Extraction Practices ....................5-52 5.3.1.4 Special Management Issues .............................5-52 5.3.2 Biological Stressors ............................................5-53 5.3.2.1 Trend in Aquatic Nuisance Species .......................5-53 5.3.2.2 Trends in Human Pathogens .............................5-53 5.3.3 Chemical Stressors .............................................5-55 5.3.3.1 Polychlorinated Biphenyls ..............................5-55 5.3.3.2 Dioxins/Furans .......................................5-64 5.3.3.3 Dieldrin/Aldrin .......................................5-70 5.3.3.4 Chlordane ...........................................5-74 5.3.3.5 DDT and DDT Metabolites .............................5-78 5.3.3.6 Mercury .............................................5-82 5.3.3.7 Inorganics ...........................................5-90 5.3.3.8 Hexachlorobenzene ...................................5-97 5.3.3.9 Toxaphene ..........................................5-100 5.3.3.10 PAHs ..............................................5-104 5.3.3.11 Atrazine ............................................5-109 5.3.3.12 Selenium ...........................................5-115 5.3.3.13 PCB Substitute Compounds ............................5-118 Chapter 6 Strategic Action Agenda: Next Steps 6.1 About This Chapter .................................................. 6-1 6.2 Next Steps......................................................... 6-21 Addendum 6-A Lake Michigan Strategic Action Plan Objectives and Actions 6-B Lake Michigan AOC RAP