Drylands Development External programme Review Volume II AUTHORS: Frans van Gerwen (team leader) Joost Nelen Mark Hopkins Ochieng Adimo Aboubacar Souley Nadine Bergmann (Research Assistant) MDF Training & Consultancy Ede, June 2018 Drylands Development External programme Review CONTENTS I COUNTRY REPORT KENYA 3 1. Description of DryDev implementation in Kenya 4 2. Analysis of DryDev implementation and its results in country 7 3. Appreciation of ICRAF/NLO and IP’s performance and results of activities 12 4. External factors and actors that have influenced implementation, results and outcomes 14 5. Conclusions 15 6. Recommendations 16 Annexes 17 II COUNTRY REPORT ETHIOPIA 26 1. Description of DryDev Implementation in Ethiopia 27 2. Analysis of DryDev implementation and its results in country 29 3. Appreciation of ICRAF, NLO and IP’s performance and results of activities 34 4. External factors and actors that have influenced implementation, results and outcomes 35 5. Conclusions 37 6. Recommendations 38 Annexes 40 III COUNTRY REPORT MALI 58 1. Description of DryDev implementation in Mali 59 2. Analysis of DryDev implementation and its results in country 62 3. Appreciation of ICRAF/NLO and IP’s performance and results of activities 69 4. External factors and actors that have influenced implementation, results and outcomes 70 5. Conclusions 71 6. Recommendations 75 Annexes 77 IV COUNTRY REPORT BURKINA FASO 86 1. Description of DryDev implementation in Burkina Faso 87 2. Analysis of DryDev implementation and its results in Burkina Faso 89 3 Appreciation of ICRAF/NLO and IP’s performance and results of activities 94 4. External factors and actors that have influenced implementation, results and outcomes 95 5. Conclusions 96 6. Recommendations 100 Annexes 102 V COUNTRY REPORT NIGER 117 1. Description of DryDev implementation in country 118 2. Analysis of DryDev implementation and its results in country 120 MDF Training & Consultancy Ede, June 2018 Drylands Development External programme Review 3. Appreciation of ICRAF/NLO and IP’s performance and results of activities 127 4. External factors and actors that have influenced implementation, results and outcomes 128 5. Conclusions 129 6. Recommendations 133 Annexes 135 2 MDF Training & Consultancy Ede, June 2018 Drylands Development External programme Review I Country report Kenya MDF Training & Consultancy Ede, June 2018 3 Drylands Development External programme Review 1. Description of DryDev implementation in Kenya 1.1 Socio-political and political context Kenya’s total land area is 580,364 sq. km. and dryland areas (or ASALs – arid and semi-arid lands) make up more than 80% of the country. This makes DryDev programme a relevant effort for Kenya as a country, especially if the focus can be directed to the North and North Eastern part of the country that is drier than where the interventions are currently being implemented. Agriculture remains the mainstay of the Kenya's economy, providing 26% of the GDP, and 80% of the rural population derives their livelihood from agriculture and other related activities. It is also the nations' top earner of foreign exchange, contributing about 60% of export earnings. Farms in Kenya range from small-scale subsistence family operations to large-scale mechanized enterprises with crops and/or livestock. Post-independence and from particularly early 1980s, Kenya’s political context has been heavily shaped by historical domestic tensions and contestation associated with centralization and abuse of power, high levels of corruption, a more than two decades long process of constitutional review and post-election violence. The approval of the new constitution in 2010(COK 2010) and relatively peaceful elections in March 2013 are milestones constituting steps forward in Kenya’s transition from political crisis. This is around the time DryDev Programme commenced. Under the COK 2010 Kenya’s central government is structured such that administrative and policy making powers are distributed in its three arms; executive, Legislative and Judiciary. There is also the devolved government function to the county level aimed at involving the people in government and allowing better supervision and implementation of policies at grass root level. In Kenya there are policies, legal framework and strategies that support DryDev programme objectives. These include Agriculture Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) ; National Food and Nutrition Policy (2011); National Environment Policy (2013) ;National Climate Change Response Strategy (2010) and Action Plan ;Kenya National Agribusiness Strategy (2012) ;National Policy for Sustainable Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands (2012); Fertilizer Cost Reduction Strategy ;National Accelerated Agricultural; Inputs Access programme ;Economic Stimulus Package. The national and especially county governments play a big role in implementation of these policies especially in agriculture, environment and natural resources management, social practices and public health. DryDev programme commenced in 2013, and It was around the same time that county governments were in their infancy following the elections under COK 2010 therefore it was a challenge initially for DryDev to work with the new offices who were also still settling in. DryDev programme in Kenya was implemented in three counties, it was important that ICRAF/NLO and IPs work closely with the county governments. County governments constitutes of county executives and a county assembly whose responsibility includes Exercising the powers of enacting law at the county level; Acting as an oversight instrument on county executives; Approval of plans and policies for smooth operation and management of resources and county institutions. COK 2010 is also special to communities living within the ASAL region in Kenya because it is the first to consider community land as one of the 3 land tenure systems (Freehold, leasehold and community land) in Kenya. In this arrangement land can be owned by four different kinds of entities, namely the government, county councils, individuals and groups. 1.2 Short overview development DryDev in country since start in 2013 The DryDev programme interventions were implemented via eight work packages through a consortium bringing together ICRAF as the lead agency, World vision Kenya as the National lead MDF Training & Consultancy Ede, June 2018 4 Drylands Development External programme Review organization, and ADRA, SNV, and CARITAS as the implementing partners in collaboration with stakeholders. Given that Kenya is vastly dry land, selection of where to implement the programme was imperative. Criteria for selecting programme sites was agreed to be in the minimum a site with annual rainfall less than 800mm. Programme site selection was preceded by characterization studies (Baseline survey; Gender and inclusion; value chain; financial access; agricultural practices and extension methods; physiographic characterization using GIS and Policy analysis) to come up with a vulnerability index. Based on the site selection criteria, in Kenya the DryDev Programme is implemented in an area stretching across 7 Sub catchments (Miindu, Mathautta, Upper Enziu, Mid Tiva, Upper Kambu, Lower Kambu, & Thwake). These are distributed in 3 counties namely Makueni, Machakos and Kitui County. Administratively the 7 sub catchments are distributed as follows; the specific target areas are in 28 sub-locations within 6 sub-counties. Machakos county: Mwala & Yatta sub counties, Makueni county: Mbooni & Kibwezi East sub counties, Kitui county: Mwingi Central & Kitui Rural sub counties. It is important to note that the selection of these sites were bias towards dry areas where the chosen NLO and IPs had presences, otherwise if it was used for the whole country there were more drier and vulnerable places in North and North Eastern part of the country; moving forward these areas need to be prioritized. The Programme targets: 34,500 farmers (20,355 Women) [60%]). The inception phase commenced with focusing on quickwin intervention arrived at through consultation with stakeholders and the farmers’ priorities. The quickwin interventions activities included; ● Water harvesting techniques: Zai pits, lined farm ponds , fertility trenches and retention ditches ● Drought tolerant crops/commodities: Cow peas, green grams and pigeon peas ● Multi-purpose trees: Paw paw, Melia volkensii, Neem, mangoes and Moringa ● Investment in new water buffers such as earth dams ● Support of existing value chain development initiatives: bee keeping and mango; collective marketing and market linkages; and post-harvesting handling of commodities (pulses, cereals and fruits) ● Farmers capacity development in areas related to the above 1.3 NLO and national level aspects of DryDev The DryDev programme is managed in the programme department of World Vision Kenya (and with a DryDev director reporting to Programme Dept. Director) within World Vision. In the WV strategy 2016-2020 – one of the 4 pillars is livelihood development and resilience. DryDev therefore fits well in this pillar. DryDev focuses on villages with food deficiency (around and linked to WV’s child sponsorship presence in the country, same sub-counties). The reasons for food insecurity are well tackled by DryDev (environment, water, processing and storage etc.) therefore there is no conflict in terms of focus areas. At the initial stages of the programme the institutional model that brought ICRAF (Research), WVK- NLO, and IP (Development) was confusing