DRAFT CONFERENCE EDITION P OVERTY E NVIRONMENT Public Disclosure Authorized OVERTY P NVIRONMENT N EXUS E EXUS Public Disclosure Authorized in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam Sustainable approaches to poverty reduction N Sustainable approaches to poverty reduction in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental and Social Development Unit East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank in Lao PDR THE WORLD BANK Patou Xay - Nehru Road 1818 H Street, N.W. P.O. Box 345 code 01004 THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. 20433 Vientiane, Lao PDR Telephone: 1-202-473-1000 Telephone: 856-21-414-209 www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment www.worldbank.org/lao Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank in Cambodia The World Bank in Vietnam 113 Norodom Boulevard 63 Ly Thai To Street Phnom Penh, Cambodia Hanoi, Vietnam Telephone: 855-23-217-304 Telephone: 84-4-934-6600 THE WORLD BANK www.worldbank.org/cambodia www.worldbank.org/vietnam DRAFT CONFERENCE EDITION OVERTY P NVIRONMENT E NEXUS Sustainable approaches to poverty reduction in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam June 2006 THE WORLD BANK This publication is available online at <<www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment>>. Front cover photos: Uwe Deichmann, World Bank Photo Library Cover design: Circle Graphics, Jostein Nygard Environment and Social Development Department East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank Washington, D.C. June, 2006 This volume is a product of an expert team from Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam and the staff of the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not nec- essarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they rep- resent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissem- ination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522- 2422, e-mail [email protected]. Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ix FOREWORD xiii PART I: STUDY CONTEXT AND METHODOLOGY 1 Introduction 3 1 Study Framework and Methodology 21 PART II: COUNTRY STUDY FINDINGS 41 2 Poverty-Environment Nexus in Cambodia 43 3 Poverty-Environment Nexus in Lao PDR 75 4 Poverty-Environment Nexus in Vietnam 123 PART III: SUB-REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES 175 5 Sub-regional PEN Findings and Conclusions 177 POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENT NEXUS iii Acknowledgements This report is the result of a collaborative In Lao PDR, an inter-ministerial project research effort by Laotian, Vietnamese, Cambo- team was assigned to work on the PEN study by dian and international staff. the Committee of Planning and Investment In Cambodia, Hang Chuon Naron and Ros (CPI) under the direction by Singkham Seilava from the Ministry of Economics and Khongsavanh. The work has been managed by Finance and Kim Saysamalen from the Ministry Monemany Nhoybouakong, National Project of Planning made the first recommendations for Director, and supported by Khampadith the scope of the PEN work. A case study on Khammounheuang from the Environment access to natural resources and poverty was lead Research Institute (ERI) under the Science, by Chea Sarin, World Bank consultant. Further Technology and Environment Agency (STEA). consultations have been held with Khieu Muth, Phouthone Sophatilath together with Soun- Pak Sokharavuth, Long Rithirak and Chuon thone Ketphan and Kamphay Manivong from Chanrithy from the Ministry of Environment, the National Agriculture and Forestry Research Ponn Narith, Peou Samy, Hang Samoeun, Khun Institute (NAFRI) under the Ministry of Agri- Sokha and Ross Sovann from the National Com- culture and Forestry (MAF) implemented the mittee for Disaster Management, Mao Saray, study on Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) Chan Darong and Bouy Kim Sreang from the and poverty; Bounmy Souksavath in coopera- Ministry of Rural Development, Susan Novak, tion with Pho Ngeun Soulsavath from the Phin Sopheap and Solieng Mak from Department of Roads under the Ministry of the Mekong River Commission, M S Shivaku- Communication, Transport, Post and Con- mar, advisor, Andrew Cock from the NGO struction (MCTPC) implemented the study on Forum of Cambodia, Sik Boreak from WFP Road and Poverty; Soulideth Souvannavong Phom Penh, Declan O’Leary from Danida, Sam- together with Lamphoukeo Kettavong from reth Sok Heng and Claire Liousse from the ERI implemented the study on Unexploded Urban Resource Centre Cambodia, Peter Feld- Ordinance (UXO) and poverty; Tayphasavan man from Partners for Development, Chan Fengthong with Onechanh Keosavanh and Sophal from Cambodia Development Resource Vilayvone Mangkhaseuam from the Environ- Institute, Ingrid Cyimana and Han Phoumin ment Hygiene unit of the Ministry of Health from UNDP Phnom Penh, and Anthony J. Jude, implemented the study on Rural Water and Sani- Chamroen Ouch and Paul Van Im from ADB. tation and poverty; and Chanthala Phimmachack POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENT NEXUS v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS together with Bounno Fongkhamdeng and Division of MPI coordinated a case study on Vongsak Malivanh from the Urban Research multi-PEN subjects in the Cau River (sub-) Institute (URI) implemented the study on basin, while study implementation was led by Urban Water and Sanitation and poverty. Seng- Vu Tuan Anh from the Socio-Economic Devel- many Keolangsy and Somphath Souvannavong opment Centre (SEDEC) and also included from the National Statistical Centre assisted in Nguyen Xuan Mai from the Vietnamese Acad- case study design and national poverty and emy of Social Sciences, Nguyen Thi Bich Van environment analyses. from the Centre for Public Health and Devel- In Vietnam, TranThi Minh Ha, the Interna- opment in Hanoi, and Nguyen Duc Minh from tional Cooperation Department of the Ministry RCEE. Nguyen Van Pham from the General of Natural Resources and Environment Statistical Office led a team that provided statis- (MoNRE), coordinated the overall PEN initia- tical updates for the study. tive with assistance from Nguyen Thi Thuy The World Bank team comprised mostly of Duong on land administration and poverty staff of the Environment and Social Develop- issues and Nguyen Viet Thang on industrial pol- ment Division of the East Asia and Pacific lution and poverty. Implementation of the case Region, which is managed by Maria Teresa study on land administration and poverty was Serra. Specific directions were provided by led by Tran Nhu Trung from the Consultancy Magda Lovei, Sector Manager of the Environ- Services and Technology Development Com- ment Team. The World Bank team that sup- pany for Natural Resources and Environment ported the three national teams in their case (TECOS). In addition, the TECOS team study preparations, drafted the main report text included Tran Chuong Huyen, Dao Trung and managed databases. The team included Chinh, Nguyen Van Truong, Ho Thi Yen Thu, Jostein Nygard (task team leader), Nat Pinnoi, Ngo The An, Mai Van Trinh, Nguyen Thi Uwe Deichmann, Andrew Murray, Marija Kuz- Hong Nhung, Hoang Hong Hue, Nguyen manovic (Bank staff), Bjorn Larsen, Claude Thuy Phuong and Nguyen Anh Quan. Imple- Saint-Pierre, Bruce McKenney, AJ Bostian and mentation of the case study on industrial pollu- Pamila Aggarwal (consultants). Bjorn and Claude tion and poverty was led by Nguyen Van Tai drafted the initial PEN guidelines adopted in each from the Environment Department under country, assisted the local case study teams and MONRE. A team from the Research Center of performed report writing on the Lao PDR and Energy and Environment (RCEE), which Vietnam chapters. Bruce and Bjorn finalized the included Nguyen Trung Thang, Nguyen Thi Cambodia chapter. Administrative assistance to Thuy Duong, Hoang Van, and Nguyen Duc the Bank team was provided by Indra Raja, Minh, implemented the study. The case study Natalya Gosteva, Giang Thanh Huong Le, Hoa on pesticide use and poverty in the Mekong Thi Phuong Kieu, Vatthana Singharaj and River Delta was lead by Nguyen Huu Dung Poonyanuch Chockanapitaksa. from the University of Ho Chi Minh City and Initially, the report built upon a Phase I PEN Khuc Xuyen from the Center of Occupational report finalized by David Wheeler, Susmita Das- and Environmental Health. A study on environ- gupta, Uwe Deichmann and Craig Meisner mental health and poverty involved Truong Viet from the Bank’s Development Research Group Dzung and Tran Duc Thuan from the Depart- in 2002. Susmita and Craig have also coordi- ment of Science and Technology of the Ministry nated the pesticide–poverty case study in Viet- of Health together with Tran Van Dan, consul- nam referred to in this report. tant. Le Mihn Duc and Nguyen Tuan Anh from First drafts of the PEN case studies for each the Science, Tehcnogology and Environment country were presented and discussed at the vi POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENT NEXUS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY national consultation workshops in Hanoi in Shyamsundar and Jian Xie, all World Bank staff. June 2005, in Vientiane in August 2005 and in Elske van de Fliert from FAO-Hanoi, John Phnom Penh in December 2005. Conference Patterson Vietnam-Canada Environment Proj- and workshop information can be obtained ect; Duong Hong Dat Vietnam Plant Protec- on the following website: www.worldbank.org/ tion Association; Sarah Bales MoH in Vietnam, eapenvironment/news.