MEMOIRS OF THE PFABODY MITSEUM OF NATURAL HT'^TORY VOLUME IV, PART J Brachiopod Genera of the Suborders Orthoidea and Pentameroidea BY CHARLES SCHUCHERT PROFESSOR OF PALEONTOLOGY, FMFRtTUS, YALE UNIVERSITY AND G. ARTHUR COOPER ASSISTANT CURATOR OF STRATIGRAPHIC PALEONTOLOGY U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM LVX ET VERITAS NEW HAVEN, CONN. 1932 MEMOIRS OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY YALE UNIVERSITY Volume I. Odontornithes: A Monograph on the Extinct Toothed Birds of North America. By Othniel Charles Marsh. Pp. i-ix, 1-201, pis. 1-34, text figs. 1-40. 1880. To be obtained from the Peabody Museum. Price $3. Volume II. Parti. Brachiospongidse : A Memoir on a Group of Silurian Sponges. By Charles Emerson Beecher. Pp. 1-28, pis. 1-6, text figs. 1-4. 1889. To be obtained from the Peabody Museum. Price $1. No more published. Volume III. Part 1. American Mesozoic Mammalia. By George Gaylord Simp- son. Pp. i-xvi, 1-171, pis. 1-32, text figs. 1-62. 1929. To be obtained from the Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. Price $5. Part 2. A Remarkable Ground Sloth. By Richard Swann Lull. Pp. i-x, 1-20, pis. 1-9, text figs. 1-3. 1929. To be obtained from the Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. Price $1. Part 3. A Revision of the Ceratopsia or Horned Dinosaurs. By Richard Swann Lull. In preparation. Part 4. The Merycoidodontids, an Extinct Group of Ruminant Mammals. By Malcolm Rutherford Thorpe. In preparation. Volume IV. Part 1. Brachiopod Genera of the Suborders Orthoidea and Pentam- eroidea. By Charles Schuchert and G. Arthur Cooper. Pp. i-xii, 1-270, pis. A and 1-29, text figs. 1-36. 1932. To be obtained from the Peabody Museum. Price $7 (bound in cloth), $6 (bound in paper). Addenda et Corrigenda Date of publication: August 23, 1932. All photographs of specimens figured on the plates were made hy the author, with the assistance of Mr. Percy A. Morris. With the exception of Plate A, and Figure 24 of Plate 1, these photo- graphs are entirely without retouching. Page 57, column 1, line 14 from bottom, for impunctate read punctate. Page 80, column 1, delete first two lines. Page 81, column 2, line 7, for Oxarkian read Canadian. Page 84, legend for Fig. 17, next to last line, for lejt read right. Page 88, column 2, lines 14 and 15, delete which is rather strongly convex. Page 109, column 2, lines 4 and 5, delete We refer it doubtfully to our new genus Paurorthis. Page 141, table 14, Aulacophoria should be derived from Schizo- phorta, instead of from Orthotichia. MEMOIRS OF Volume I. Oc Volume II. Pa Nc Volume III. Pa Pa Pa Pa Volume IV. Pa BRACHIOPOD GENERA OF THE SUBORDERS ORTHOIDEA AND PENTAMEROIDEA contemplating the mere "The esthetic satisfaction to be derived from that runs through all variety of animal forms and from tracing the order instinct in human nature." its diversity appeals to a very deep David Sharp rightly, and that is seeing the "There is only one way of seeing things whole of them." John Kuskin MEMOIRS OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME IV, PART 1 Brachiopod Genera of the Suborders Orthoidea and Pentameroidea BY CHARLES SCHUCHERT PROFESSOR OF PALEONTOLOGY, EMERITUS, YALE UNIVERSITY AND G. ARTHUR COOPER ASSISTANT CURATOR OF STRATIGRAPHIC PALEONTOLOGY U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA THE TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT CONTENTS Page Introduction * Division of work •^ Location of specimens ^ Technique "^ Species lists Genetic lines Acknowledgments " Part I. Brief definitions of brachiopod terms 12 Part II. Principles of morphogenesis or evolution of form 12 Need of taxonomy 12 Rise of brachiopod genera 13 The genus concept Paleoecology Homoeomorphy Part III. Morphology of the orthoid shell 18 Morphology of the exterior 18 Orientation of the shell 18 '" Commissures Convexity ' Interareas ^^ Deltidium • 21 Modifications of the delthyrium (deltidium) 21 Function of the deltidium 22 Lateral plates 23 Modifications of the notothyrium (chilidium and chilidial plates) Morphology of the ventral interior Articulation Teeth Ys Sockets -P Dental plates Spondylium ^, History of the term Present views and definitions 29 Septa«j , .; , 30 Musculature 32 Paliial and genital markings -- markings Pallial ^^ » Genital or ovarian markings viii CONTENTS Part III. Morphology of the orthoid shell—Cont. Page Morphology of the dorsal interior 34 Notothyrial platform 34 Denticles and sockets 34 Denticles 34 Sockets 34 Cardinalia 34 Cardinal process 34 Brachiophores or brachial apparatus 37 Cruralium and pseudocruralium 39 Septa 39 Musculature 39 Pallial markings 40 Microstructure of the shell 41 Exopuncts 42 EndopunctEC 42 Value of punctation in taxonomy 42 Old-age characters 42 Part IV. The genera of the suborder Orthoidea 43 Superfamily Orthacea 43 Family Nisusiidae 43 Nisusia 44 Jamesella 46 Family Protorthidje 46 Protorthis 46 Loferia 47 Family Billingsellidas 48 BUlingsella 48 Family Eoorthidje 50 Witnanella 50 Eoorthis 51 Otusia 52 Bohemiella 52 Oligomys 53 Family Finkelnburgiidse, nov 54 Orusia ^ 54 Finkelnburgia 55 Family Plectorthidas 56 Subfamily Plectorthinx 57 Plectorthis 57 Hebertella 59 Mimella 61 Schizofhorella 62 Doleroldes 63 Subfamily Cyclocoeliinas 64 Cyclocaelia 64 Subfamily Platystrophiins 64 Platystrofhia 64; Mcewanella 69 — — CONTENTS >X Supcrfamily Orthacca Cont. Page Family Plcctorthidx Cont. • 70 Subfamily Orthostrophiinae _„ Orthostrophia -. O. dart(F, nov 71 Family Skenidiidas yi Skentdio'tdes ^2 S. hillingsi -o Sken'ui'tum 73 Family Orthida: _- Subfamily Orthinse ^5 Orthis n-j Cyrtonotella n-j Nicolella yg Glossorthis ^9 Paurorthis gQ Archtrorthis g. Subfamily Productorthinae gj Panderina g2 Productorthis r.. Subfamily Angusticardiniinae g^ Angusticardinia „, Subfamily Taffiinae g5 Taffia Z'ZZZZ'Z'. 85 Eostrofbomena „- Hesperorthinae Subfamily g5 Hesperorthis g^ Schizoramma gg nov S. gotlandica, gg Dolerorthis og Subfamily Glyptorthinae gg Glyptorthis ni Eridorthis g2 Ptychofleurella o, P. matapedia, nov 93 Family Dinorthidae o, Dinorthis nc Dinorthis s. s qc Plasiomys ge Retrorsirostra g, Pionorthis g, Marionella ' g_ Valcourea gg V. magna, nov _„ Multicostella gg Auitinella jqq Palceoitrophomena .qq Planidorsa iqi P. hella jQj P. crassicostella, nov Porambonitidae Family jq2 Porambonites Iqc Noetlingia , ^, .._, 105 Lycophonidae Family jq5 Lycophoria X CONTENTS Part IV. The genera of the suborder Orthoidea—Cont. Page Superfamily Clitambonacea 107 Family Deltatretida: 107 Deltatreta 108 Pomatotrema Ulrich and Cooper, nov 109 P. muralis Ulrich and Cooper, nov 109 Polytoechia 110 Family Clitambonitidx 110 Subfamily Plectellinae 112 Plectella 112 Ingrla 112 Subfamily Clitambonitins 113 Clitambonites 113 Vellamo 114 Clinambon, nov 115 Estlandia 115 Hemifronites 115 Pahlenella 117 Afomatella 117 Subfamily Gonambonitinas 118 Gonambonites 11° Superfamily Dalmanellacea H' Family Dalmanellidas 11° Dalmanella 120 Carinijerella 1^2 Aulacella 122 Proschixofhoria *2j Levenea ^^^ Heterorthina 124 Family Wattsellidae 124 Wattsella 125 Resserella 126 Horderleyella 1^7 Mendacella ^^' Idiorthis 128 Parmorthis ^2o P. crassicostata, nov 129 Fascicostella ^29 Family Bilobitidae 1^0 Bilobites 130 Family Mystrophoridae 1-^1 Mystrophora '-^^ Kayserella l-'^ Family Rhipidomellidae ^•'•^ Rhifidomella '•'' Perdkocardtma '•'-' Platyorthis 1^^ Thiemella 1^^ Family Heterorthidas '•^" Subfamily Heterorthinae j;;' Heterorthh 1-^' Subfamily Harknessellinae J;;^ Harknessella |^° Reuschella |^^ Smeathenella — CONTENTS xi Superfamily Dalmancllacea Cont. Page Family Schlzophoriid.-c 139 Subfamily Schizophoriinae 140 P'tonodema 141 Schizophoria 143 Orthot'tch'ta 144 Aulacofhoria 145 Subfamily Enteletinx 145 Enteletei 146 Parenteletes 147 Enieletina 148 Enteletella 148 Enteletoides 148 Subfamily Isorthinae 149 Isorthis 149 Family Linoporellidx 150 Ltnoporella 150 Orthotrofta 152 Family Tropidoleptidae, nov 152 Tropidoleftus 152 Part V. The genera of the suborder Pentameroidea 154 Superfamily Syntrophiacea 154 Family Clarkellids 155 Syntrofh'to'uies 155 Syntrofhina 155 Clarkella 156 Yangtzeella 157 Family Syntrophiids 158 Syntrofhta 158 Swantonia 159 Family Huenellidae 159 Huenella 159 Huenellina 160 Superfamily Pentameracea 161 Technique 162 Morphology of the Pentameracea 162 Exterior 162 Ventricosity 162 Ornamentation 162 Interareas 163 Ventral interior 163 Delthyrium 163 Deltidial cover 163 Deltidial plates 163 Spondylium 164 Dorsal interior 164 Septa 164 Musculature 164 Cardinalia 164 — xii CONTENTS Part V. The genera of the suborder Pentameroidea—Cont. Superfamily Pentameracea Cont. Page Generic and evolutionary trends 165 Loss of interareas and development of a planarea 165 Rostration 165 Reversion of normal convexity 165 Trilobation 165 Ornamentation 165 Loss of the ventral septum 166 Development of a cruralium 166 Parallel trends 166 Summary 166 Family Camerellidx 166 Camerella 167 Branconia 168 Parastrofhtnella 169 Anastrofhia 169 Metacamerella 170 Family Pentameridas 170 Subfamily Gypidulinse 171 Clorinda 171 Barrandella 173 Gyfidula 173 S'teberella : 175 Pentamerella 176 Zdimir 177 Subfamily Pentamerinae 177 Lasves 177 Pentamerus 177 Pentameroides 179 Lissocoelina 179 Cafelliniella 179 Holorhynchus 180 HarpidiuTn 180 Costatffi 180 Rhifidium 180 Conchidium 181 Brooksina 183 Cymbidium 183 Platymerella 184 V'trgiana 185 Family Stricklandidas 186 Stricklandta 187 Appendix 189 ? Superfamily Rhynchonellacea 189 Rhynchocamara 189 Liocoelia 189 Index 257 INTRODUCTION Brachiopods have interested the senior author since the days of his early youth, and by 1886, while assistant to E.