ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY REPORT CONTENTS Chapter Description Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiv 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 Project Background and rationale 1-1 1.2 Project Location 1-2 1.3 Objectives of the ESIA study 1-5 1.4 Methodology 1-6 1.4.1 Screening Visit 1-6 1.4.2 Project Report and Scoping 1-6 1.4.3 Desk Study 1-6 1.4.4 ESIA Study 1-7 1.4.5 Ecological Surveys 1-7 (a) Qualitative method- Desk stop study and indigenous knowledge on aquatic fauna of the study area 1-7 (b) Quantitative methods 1-7 (i) Field sampling design 1-7 (ii) Aquatic fauna sampling techniques 1-8 (iii) Fish sampling techniques 1-8 (iv) Macro-invertebrates sampling methods 1-9 (v) Water quality parameters 1-10 (vi) Others- Small mammals, amphibians and reptiles 1-10 (vii) Fish and invertebrates identification 1-10 (c) Other fauna 1-11 (d) Plants 1-11 1.4.6 Impacts on biodiversity 1-11 1.4.7 Hydrology 1-11 1.4.8 Mapping of Baseline Environment 1-12 1.4.9 Socioeconomic Survey 1-14 1.4.10 Public Consultations 1-14 (a) Project Report Stage 1-14 (b) ESIA Study Stage 1-14 (i) Public meetings 1-15 (ii) Key Informant Interviews 1-15 (c) Incorporating public views into the ESIA report 1-15 (d) Public disclosure 1-15 1.5 Study Limitations 1-16 1.6 ESIA Study Team 1-16 1.7 Structure of the Report 1-16 2 POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 2-1 2.1 Background 2-1 ESIA STUDY REPORT NCT PHASE 1 ii Issue 1.0 / October 2014 2.2 Policy Framework 2-1 2.2.1 Environmental Policy 2-1 2.2.2 Kenya’s Vision 2030 2-1 2.2.3 Land Policy 2-2 2.2.4 National Water Policy 2-2 2.2.5 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2-3 2.3 Legal Framework 2-3 2.3.1 Constitution of Kenya 2-3 2.3.2 The Environment Management and Coordination Act, 1999 2-4 (a) Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations 2003 2-4 (b) The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006) 2-5 (c) The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006 2-6 (d) The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution) (Control) Regulations, 2009 2-6 (e) The Environmental Management and Coordination (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake Shores and Sea Shore Management) Regulations, 2009 2-7 (f) The Environmental Management and Coordination (Conservation of Biological Diversity and Resources, Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing) Regulations, 2006 2-7 (g) Environmental Management and Coordination (Fossil Fuel Emission Control) Regulations 2006 2-7 2.3.3 The Water Act, 2002 2-8 (a) The Water Resources Management Rules, 2007 2-8 2.3.4 The Public Health Act (Cap. 242) 2-9 (a) The Public Health (Drainage and Latrine) Rules 2-9 2.3.5 Malaria Prevention Act Cap 246 2-9 2.3.6 Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007 2-10 2.3.7 Work Injury Benefits Act (WIBA), 2007 2-10 2.3.8 The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013 2-10 2.3.9 The Kenya Roads Board Act, Cap 408 of 1999 2-11 2.3.10 Public Roads and Road of Access Act (Cap 399) 2-11 2.3.11 The Kenya Roads Act of 2007 2-11 2.3.12 Acts Related to Land 2-12 2.3.13 The Physical Planning Act, 1996 2-16 2.3.14 Mining Act, Cap 306 2-17 2.3.15 Explosives Act, Cap 115 2-18 2.3.16 The Penal Code (Cap. 63) 2-18 2.4 World Bank Safeguard policies 2-19 2.4.1 World Bank policy OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment 2-19 2.4.2 World Bank policy OP 4.04 Natural Habitats 2-19 2.4.3 World Bank policy OP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources 2-19 2.4.4 World Bank Operational Policy 4:12 Involuntary Resettlement 2-20 2.4.5 World Bank Operational Policy 4:37 Safety of Dams 2-20 2.5 AFD Policy on Environmental and Social Risk Management 2-21 2.5.1 Policy 2-21 2.5.2 Environmental and Social Risks 2-21 2.5.3 Reference Standards 2-21 2.6 Institutional Framework 2-22 2.6.1 Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources 2-22 2.6.2 Athi Water Services Board 2-22 2.6.3 Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company (NCWSC) 2-23 2.6.4 The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) 2-23 (a) Standards and Enforcement Review Committee (SERC) 2-23 (b) Public Complaints Committee 2-23 ESIA STUDY REPORT NCT PHASE 1 iii Issue 1.0 / October 2014 (c) County Environmental Offices 2-23 2.6.5 Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA) 2-23 2.6.6 Water Services Regulatory Board 2-24 2.6.7 Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries 2-24 2.6.8 Kenya Forest Service 2-24 2.6.9 Kenya Wildlife Service 2-24 2.6.10 Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health 2-24 2.6.11 County Government of Murang’a 2-25 2.7 International Conventions 2-25 2.7.1 Convention on Biological Diversity 2-25 2.7.2 The Ramsar Convention 2-25 2.7.3 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 2-26 2.7.4 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2-26 2.7.5 The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); 2-26 2.7.6 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 2-26 3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 3-1 3.1 Physical environment 3-1 3.1.1 Climate 3-1 (a) Rainfall 3-1 (b) Temperature and humidity 3-2 (c) Sunshine hours 3-2 (d) Evaporation 3-2 (e) Winds 3-2 3.1.2 Topography and Drainage 3-2 3.1.3 Geology 3-3 3.1.4 Landslide hazards 3-7 3.1.5 Soils 3-7 3.1.6 Hydrology and drainage 3-7 3.1.7 Water Resources and key uses 3-11 (a) Surface water resources 3-11 (b) Underground water resources 3-12 3.1.8 Air Quality 3-12 3.1.9 Noise 3-12 3.2 Biological Environment 3-15 3.2.1 Fauna 3-15 (a) Aquatic fauna of conservation significance 3-18 (b) Birds 3-19 (c) Other fauna 3-19 (i) Native species: 3-19 (ii) Introduced species: 3-19 3.2.2 Flora 3-19 (a) Floristic composition 3-19 Figure 3-10 Life form spectrum of species 3-21 (b) Floral Species diversity 3-21 (c) Botanical uniqueness 3-21 (d) Algae 3-22 (e) Threats to Plants and Existing Ecologically Sensitive Areas 3-23 3.3 Social Characteristics 3-24 3.3.1 Population size and composition 3-24 3.3.2 Household Headship 3-25 3.3.3 Religion 3-25 3.3.4 Education 3-25 ESIA STUDY REPORT NCT PHASE 1 iv Issue 1.0 / October 2014 (a) Population currently in school 3-25 (b) Education level for HH heads and spouses 3-26 3.3.5 Housing conditions 3-26 3.3.6 Access to water 3-27 3.3.7 Water treatment and sanitation 3-28 3.3.8 Health conditions 3-28 3.3.9 Medical facilities 3-29 3.3.10 Gender issues 3-30 3.3.11 Community problems 3-31 3.4 Economic Characteristics 3-31 3.4.1 Employment status of persons living in the project area 3-31 3.4.2 Income sources 3-31 3.4.3 Land tenure and ownership 3-32 3.4.4 Land use potential and agricultural activities 3-32 3.4.5 Energy sources 3-33 3.4.6 Roads access 3-34 4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.1.1 River Diversion Weir and Intake Structures 4-1 (a) River Diversion Weirs 4-2 (b) Intake 4-3 (c) Desilting Basin 4-3 (d) Tunnel Inlet Well Drop Structure 4-4 (e) Irati Drop Shaft 4-4 (f) Compensation Channels for In-stream Flow Requirements (IFR) 4-4 (i) Design features 4-4 (ii) Operating principle 4-5 4.1.2 Northern Collector Tunnel 4-5 4.1.3 Tunnel Outfall Structure 4-7 4.1.4 Kaanja and Gikigie Adits 4-8 4.1.5 Tunnel portals 4-8 4.2 Fish Passes 4-9 4.3 Tunnel Excavation Methods 4-11 4.3.1 Conventional Tunnelling Construction 4-11 4.3.2 Excavation by Tunnelling Boring Machine (TBM) 4-11 4.4 Material Sources and Spoil Sites 4-12 4.4.1 Material Sources 4-12 4.4.2 Spoil sites 4-12 4.5 Project Inspection and Maintenance 4-13 4.6 Safety in Design 4-14 4.7 Temporary and enabling works 4-14 4.8 Construction Inputs and activities 4-15 4.8.1 Construction materials 4-15 4.8.2 Construction equipment 4-15 4.8.3 Labour 4-15 4.8.4 Construction activities (summary) 4-15 (a) For the intakes and outfall 4-16 (b) For the tunnels and adits 4-16 4.9 Project Cost and Duration 4-16 ESIA STUDY REPORT NCT PHASE 1 v Issue 1.0 / October 2014 4.10 Community Support Projects 4-16 4.10.1 Community water projects 4-16 4.10.2 Corporate Social Responsibility 4-17 5 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 5-1 5.1 No Project Alternative 5-1 5.2 Construction of Maragua Dam 5-1 5.3 Tunnel Construction Options 5-2 5.3.1 Conventional Tunneling construction 5-2 5.3.2 Excavation by Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) 5-2 6 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND DISCLOSURE 6-1 6.1 General 6-1 6.1.1 Objectives of the Public consultation 6-1 6.2 Previous Consultations 6-2 6.2.1 Stakeholder Consultations at Scoping Stage 6-2 6.2.2 Summary of issues rose 6-2 6.3 Stakeholder Consultations during ESIA and RAP 6-5 6.3.1 Consultations during the ESIA and RAP Study 6-5 6.3.2 Stakeholder identification 6-6 6.3.3 Approach and implementation of public consultations 6-6 6.4 Summary of Stakeholders Comments 6-8 6.5 Consultations with Project Beneficiaries 6-16 6.6 Focus Group Discussions Meetings 6-22 6.6.1 Employment Opportunities 6-22 6.6.2 Alcoholism among the youth 6-22 6.6.3 Road networks in the project area 6-22 6.6.4 Land Ownership in the area 6-22 6.6.5 Social impacts of compensation 6-23 6.6.6 Youth Groups in the project area 6-24 6.6.7 Intrusion of new people in the area 6-24 6.6.8 Lack of Health Facilities 6-25 6.6.9 Education institutions in the project area 6-25 6.6.10 Communication network in the area 6-25 6.6.11 Community roles 6-25 6.6.12 Community perception of economic ability 6-25 6.6.13 Grave sites 6-26 6.6.14 Cultural sites in the area 6-26 6.7 Public Meeting Consultations 6-27 6.7.1 Objective of Public Consultation Meetings 6-27 6.7.2 Comments from the Consultations 6-27 (a) Abstracting water used by community 6-28 (b) Social impacts of alien persons in the area 6-28 (c) Grievance mechanisms during and after Compensation 6-28 (d) Waste