“A RELENTLESS WARFARE AGAINST THE INVENTIONS AND DEVICES OF MAN”: JOHN T. LEWIS AND THE CHURCHES OF CHRIST IN BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA, 1907-1967 A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Hazelip School of Theology Nashville, Tennessee In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Divinity By Christopher R. Cotten May 2013 Chairman_____________________________ Reader________________________________ Reader________________________________ Dean__________________________________ Date Approved_______________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………….3 2. JOHN T. LEWIS (1876-1967): A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH....................8 3. “CUSTOM VERSUS TRUTH”: LEWIS AND THE FEMALE HEAD COVERING………………………………………………………………………………32 4. “THE VERY ESSENCE OF CHRISTIANITY”: LEWIS AND THE DISPUTE OVER CARNAL WARFARE ……………..………………………………….............62 5. “THE BANE OF THE CHURCH”: LEWIS AND INSTITUTIONALISM...97 6. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………132 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………..……….141 2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION I lived with John T. Lewis for many years before I got to know him. Tucked away among the small collection of biblical commentaries (featuring titles by Lipscomb and Shepherd, E. M. Zerr, and Albert Barnes) that my grandfather kept and regularly consulted were copies of two books that were later very influential in my spiritual development: David Lipscomb’s Civil Government – in the mint-green reprint edition published by M. Lynnwood Smith – and Ottis Castleberry’s He Looked for a City , the only published study of Lewis’ life and work. Early on, I was captivated by the pictures in Castleberry’s book. The first pictures I ever saw of David Lipscomb and of the Spruce Street campus of the Nashville Bible School were in that book. Indeed, the photographs of Lewis himself functioned in an almost iconic way for me, the seriousness of his expressions matched by the seriousness and the gravity of the older men in the congregations where I worshipped as a boy. Eventually, taking in the pictures turned into actually reading the book. For me the initial attraction of Castleberry’s work was how it evokes a picture of Lewis and of Birmingham that is both poignant and compelling in its own way. What is more, there was the way it humanizes a man whose blunt style offended many with its tales of his care for a pet squirrel, his courtship of his wife, his love of coffee. 1 Finally, and most personally, there was the way the book gave me insight into my grandparents and their own beliefs. At the 1 Ottis Castleberry, He Looked for a City (Marion, IN: Cogdill Foundation, 1980), 43 (squirrels), 81ff. (courtship); 210 (coffee). No matter what sort of claims anyone makes – myself included – about the overall quality of Castleberry’s work, no future Lewis scholarship will ever be able to top the fact that Castleberry includes an entire chapter devoted to the Jokes of John T. Lewis. 3 same time, though, the book left me unsatisfied. It teases the reader with hints about Lewis’ most distinctive beliefs, but says almost nothing specific about them. Furthermore, the book is organized in such a way that it makes it almost impossible to find information without paging through the entire book. Indeed, the book is something of an organizational train wreck: information about Lewis’ childhood and early life comes in chapter 9, his days at the Nashville Bible School are discussed in chapter 5, a description of his church planting efforts in Birmingham is given in chapter 1. Chapters zigzag between biographical narration and topical treatments of various aspects of Lewis’ character. (In this, it somewhat resembles ancient biography more than contemporary.) In saying all this I do not mean to sound ungrateful. No work on Lewis would be able to proceed without the sheer amount of raw information that Castleberry’s book provides. But there are significant gaps in our understanding of Lewis that need to be filled. This thesis seeks to do that through a more systematic examination of Lewis’ life and thought. There is plenty of room for this. There has been little original research and writing done on Lewis since Castleberry’s work. 2 This is not for lack of information: Lewis was a prolific writer publishing two full-length books, several pamphlets, and numerous articles in the Journals that served the Churches of Christ in the early twentieth century, especially the Gospel Advocate and the Gospel Guardian . Even so, he has been largely ignored or overlooked by historians in mainline Churches of Christ in the renaissance of scholarship on the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement over the past few decades. This is puzzling because Lewis is interested in, and writes extensively on, topics that have been of 2 The most substantive work done in recent years can be found in the pages of the Alabama Restoration Journal. See especially the special issue (December 31, 2007) devoted to Lewis. 4 particular interest to the newer group of mainline historians – Leonard Allen, Richard Hughes, and John Mark Hicks – topics like pacifism, apocalypticism, holiness, and so forth. Why is this the case? Why has Lewis been overlooked? The answer, I think, is not so difficult to find. As the controversy over institutions overtook the Churches of Christ in the years following World War II, Lewis cast his lot with the minority that opposed the development of parachurch structures in the denomination. Lewis, the “anti,” was in this way lost to mainline Church of Christ historiography. Mainline historians – the heirs of one side of a very contentious debate – have inherited the ingrown (and often unrecognized) biases of their teachers when it comes to the controversy of the 1950s and the subsequent theological history of the non-institutional communion. As such, they have largely failed to hear or to appropriate non-institutional voices in more than a general way in their work. Because no one has come along to stoke scholarly interest in the non-institutional churches in the way that Leonard Allen, Richard Hughes, and others have done for the premillennial wing of the Churches of Christ, Lewis has languished in obscurity along with a number of other theologically significant non-institutional leaders. This obscurity is unfortunate and undeserved. To rectify this situation, this research will attempt to bring Lewis’ writing and ministry into conversation with the theoretical models that have dominated the historiographical discussion in the Churches of Christ over the past two decades. First, there is Richard Hughes’ identification of an apocalyptic strain of thought running through the movement’s nineteenth-century history from Barton Stone through Tolbert Fanning and David Lipscomb. This strain of thought continues, as I will argue, in the anti-modern thought of twentieth-century figures like John T. Lewis. But my primary theoretical framework will be the more recent work of mainline historian and 5 theologian John Mark Hicks. Indeed, much of the initial impetus for this proJect came from my first reading of the theological work Hicks (with Bobby Valentine) did in Kingdom Come: Embracing the Spiritual Legacy of David Lipscomb and James Harding (2006). The specifics of Hicks’ and Valentine’s Tennessee-Texas-Indiana paradigm will be further elaborated as this study progresses. For now, it is enough to say that Lewis’ life and ministry illuminate some of the central theological arguments being advanced by Hicks, Hughes, and others. In addition to this, Lewis is also the bridge across which many of Lipscomb and Harding’s theological emphases were carried into non-institutional circles in the middle of the twentieth century. His story helps us to envision one possible alternative theological traJectory for the Churches of Christ in the twentieth century. But there is more. In addition to showing Lewis to be a valid tradent of the Lipscomb-Harding theological synthesis, we will gain insight into an important sociological transition that the Churches of Christ were going through during his career. Lewis, ever the devoted student of Lipscomb and Harding, ironically embodies the process whereby many of his teachers’ most characteristic ideas came to be widely reJected in the mainline Churches of Christ by the middle of the twentieth century. Put another way, the story of Lewis’ career is the story of how he and his ideas were gradually marginalized as the Churches of Christ entered a period of pervasive and aggressive modernization from the 1920s through the 1960s. That same story of marginalization is in large part the story of what happened to Lipscomb and Harding’s ideas in mainline Churches of Christ in this same period. 6 To demonstrate both of these truths – Lewis as faithful tradent of the ideas of Lipscomb and Harding and the marginalization of both Lewis and those ideas by mid- century – this thesis will proceed in the following way. Chapter One sets the scene with a detailed biographical sketch of Lewis from his childhood in Rutherford County, Tennessee, through his years at the Nashville Bible School and the early decades of his work in Birmingham. (The remainder of the biographical sketch is incorporated in the chapters that follow.) In so doing, Chapter One will provide a narrative context for the more explicitly theological approach taken in the remainder of thesis. Each of the next three chapters – Chapters Two, Three, and Four – takes up a particular feature of Lewis’ teaching: his arguments in favor of the female head covering,