PACIFIC LINGUISTICS - Se�ie� B No. 69 THE DIALECTS OF MARINDUQUE TAGALOG by Rosa Soberano Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Soberano, R. The dialects of Marinduque Tagalog. B-69, xii + 244 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1980. DOI:10.15144/PL-B69.cover ©1980 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PAC IFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Ling ui6zic Ci�cle 06 Canbe��a and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCASIONA L PAPERS SER IES B - MONOGRAPHS SER IES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii J. Lynch, University of Papua New Guinea D. Bradley, University of Melbourne K.A. McElhanon, University of Texas A. Capell, University of Sydney H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii S. Elbert, University of Hawaii P. Muhlhausler, Linacre College, Oxfor d K. Franklin, Summer Institute of G.N. O'Grady, University of Victoria, B.C. Linguistics A.K. Pawley, University of Hawaii W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Summer Linguistics Institute of Linguistics E.C. Polom , University of Texas G. Grace, University of Hawaii e G. Sankoff, Universit de Montr al M.A.K. Halliday, University of e e Sydney W.A.L. Stokhof, National Centre for A. Healey, Summer Institute of Language Development, Jakarta; Linguistics University of Leiden L. Hercus, Australian National E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden University J.W.M. Verhaar, University of N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii Indonesia, Jakarta ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subsctiptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Box 4, P.O., Canberra , A.C.T. 2600. Australia. Copyright ® The Author. First published 1980. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 216 X TABLE Of CONTENTS Page SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 1. o. BACKGROUND 1 1.1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2 1.2. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 2 1. 3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 3 1.4. THE SETTING 4 1.4.1. Topography and Economic Geography 4 1. 4. 2. Derivation of the Name Marinduque 6 1.4.3. Historical Background 6 1.5. RELATED STUDIES 8 1. 6. METHODOLOGY 11 1.6 .1. Sources of Data 11 1. 6. 2. Preliminary Survey 11 1. 6. 3. Informant Profile 13 1. 6. 4. Collection of Data 13 1. 6.5. Method of Analysis 19 1. 6.6. Plan of the Study 19 CHAPTER II: PHONOLOGY 21 2. 1. THE SEGMENTAL PHONEMES 21 2.1.1. The Vowels 21 2. 1.2. The Consonants 24 2. 1.3. The Phonemes /r/ and /d/ 28 2.1.4. The Diphthongs 29 2. 2. CONSONANT CLUSTERS 30 2. 3. SYLLABLE STRUCTURE 34 2.4. ACCENT 34 iii iv Page 2. 5. COMPENSATORY VOWEL LENGTH 36 2. 6. INTONATION 37 2. 6 .1. Common Intonation Patterns 37 2. 6. 2. Dialectal Intonation Patterns 41 2. 7. SUMMARY OF PHONOLOGICAL VARIATIONS 43 CHAPTER III: MORPHOLOGY 51 3. 1. NOMINAL MARKERS 51 3. 2. NOMINAL SUBSTITUTES 52 3.2. 1. The Deictics 52 3. 2.2. The Personal Pronouns 57 3. 2. 3. The Locatives 59 3. 3. NEGATIVES 59 3. 4. VERBAL AFFIXES 61 3. 4. 1. Actor-Topic Affixes 51 3. 4.2. Goal-Topic Affixes 62 3. 4. 3. Distinctive Verbal Affixes 64 3. 4. 4. Aspect Formations 70 3. 4. 5. The Recent Perfective Aspect 78 3. 5. NOMINAL AFFIXES 80 3. 6. ADJECTIVAL AFFIXES 83 3. 6.1. Shared Adjectival Affixes 83 3. 6. 2. Adjectival Affixes which Distinguish Dialectal Areas 85 3.7. ADVERBIALS 89 3. 7.1. Enclitics 89 3. 7. 2. Temporals 92 3.7.3. Manner Adverbials 93 3. 7 . 4. Sentence-Initial Adverbials 94 3.7. 5. Sentence-Initiators 95 3. 7. 6. Sentence-Final Adverbials 95 3. 8. SUMMARY OF DISTINGUISHING MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES 96 CHAPTER IV: SYNTAX 103 4. 0. INTRODUCTION 103 4.1. DEFINITION OF TERMS 103 4. 2. BASIC SENTENCE STRUCTURE 104 4. 2.1. The Predicate 104 4. 3. THE INVERSION MARKER qa y 109 4. 4. ADVERBIALS 110 4. 4. 1. Enclitics 110 v Page 4. 4. 2. Movable Adverbs 110 4. 4.3. Initial Adverbs 111 4. 4. 4. Final Adverbs 111 4.5. COORDINATION CONSTRUCTIONS 111 4. 6. MODIFICATION CONSTRUCTIONS 112 4. 6.1. Noun with Nominal Modifier 112 4.6.2 . Noun and Adjectival Modifiers 113 4. 6. 3. Noun with Pseudo-Verbal and Verbal Modifiers 114 4. 7. THE TOPICLESS SENTENCE 114 4.8. THE ORDER OF SENTENCE COMPONENTS 115 4. 9. SENTENCE TYPE S 116 4. 10. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES 118 4 . 11 . SUMMARY 120 CHAPTER V: LEXICON 121 5.0. INTRODUCTION 121 5.1. IDENTICAL TERMS IN MT AND ManT 121 5. 2. PHONOLOGICALLY VARIANT FORMS IN MT AND ManT 128 5.2 .1. Absence of Vowel Length in ManT 128 5. 2. 2. Loss of Glottal Stop Following a Consonant 129 5. 2.3. Spanish Loanwords 130 5. 2. 4. Occurrence of /-la-/ and /-ya-/ in MT 130 5. 2.5. Non-Occurrence of some Phonemes or Syllables in MT 130 5. 2. 6. Differences in Phonological Order of Segments 130 5. 2. 7. Differences in Vowel or Consonant 130 5. 2.8. Combination of Phonological Differences 131 5. 3. NON-COGNATE ROOTS 131 5.4. COGNATES WITH DIFFERENT MEANINGS 138 5. 5. IDENTICAL TERMS IN MARINDUQUE DIALECT AREAS 143 5. 6. PHONOLOGICALLY VARIANT FORMS 144 5.6.1. Differences in Vowel 144 5. 6. 2. Differences in Consonant 155 5.6.3. Differences in Phonological Order of Segments 155 5. 7. NON-COGNATE ROOTS IN MARINDUQUE TAGALOG DIALECTS 161 5. 8. PECULIAR TERMS 163 5.8.l. From Santa Cruz and Torrijos 163 5. 8.2. From Santa Cruz 163 5.8.3. From Torrijos 164 5. 8.4. From Boac 164 5. 8.5. From Gasan and Buenavista 164 5. 8.6. From Mogpog 164 vi Page 5. 9. COGNATES WITH DIFFERENT MEANING 164 5.10. SUMMARY 164 CHAPTER VI: SUMMARY , CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 181 6.0 . INTRODUCTION 181 6.1. PHONOLOGY 182 6. 2. MORPHOLOGY 184 6. 2. 1. Case Markers 184 6. 2.2 . Deictics 185 6. 2.3 . Personal Pronouns 185 6.2. 4. Locatives 186 6.2. 5. Verbal Affixes 186 6.2. 6. Aspect Formations 187 6.2.7. Gerunds 188 6.2.8 . Adjectivals 189 6.2. 9. Enclitics and Other Adverbials 190 6. 3. SYNTAX 191 6. 4. LEXICON 192 6. 5. SUMMARY 192 6. 6. CONCLUSION 193 6. 6.1. Communication Barriers 194 6.6.2. Internal Development Within Each Dialect 194 6. 6.3 . Borrowing 194 6. 6. 4. Influence of Other Cultures 194 6. 6.5. Social Factors 195 6.7. SOME THEORETICAL INSIGHTS 195 6.8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 196 APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF RESPONSE TO PHONOLOGICAL AND LEXICAL ITEMS 199 APPENDIX B: LANGUAGE QUESTIONNAIRE 213 APPENDIX C: INFORMANT SITES AND THE RESPECTIVE INFORMANTS 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 vii Page CHART 1: THE VOWEL PHONEMES OF MARINDUQUE TAGALOG AND MANILA TAGALOG 22 CHART 2: THE VOWEL ALLOPHONES OF MARINDUQUE TAGALOG 22 CHART 3: THE CONSONANTS OF MARINDUQUE TAGALOG 25 CHART 4: INITIAL-CONSONANT CLUSTERS 31 CHART 5: FINAL-CONSONANT CLUSTERS 32 CHART 6: NOMINAL MARKERS 51 CHART 7: THE DEICTICS 52 CHART 8: THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS 57 TABLE 1: MORPHOLOGICAL ITEMS DISTINGUISHING WM FROM EM 96 TABLE 2: MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES DISTINGUISHING MARINDUQUE TAGALOG FROM MANILA TAGALOG 99 TABLE 3: IDENTICAL LEXICON IN MANILA TAGALOG AND MARINDUQUE TAGALOG DIALECTS 122 TABLE 4: COGNATES WITH MINIMAL PHONOLOGICAL VARIATION 126 TABLE 5: NON-COGNATE ROOTS IN MANILA AND MARINDUQUE TAGALOG DIALECTS 132 TABLE 6: IDENTICAL LEXICON IN MARINDUQUE TAGALOG DIALECTS 144 TABLE 7: PHONOLOGICALLY VARIANT FORMS IN MARINDUQUE TAGALOG DIALECTS 152 TABLE 8: NON-COGNATE ROOTS IN MARINDUQUE TAGALOG DIALECTS 162 TABLE 9: COGNATE ROOTS IN MARINDUQUE TAGALOG AND MANILA TAGALOG 165 MAP 1: THE PHILIPPINES: SHOWING MARINDUQUE AS PART OF THE TAGALOG REGION xii MAP 2: MARINDUQUE AND SURROUNDING ISLANDS AND PROVINCES 5 MAP 3: TOWN CENTRES AND BARRIOS SELECTED AS INFORMANT SITES 16 MAP 2.1: COMPENSATORY VOWEL LENGTH 45 MAP 2.2: INTONATION: YES-OR-NO QUESTIONS 46 MAP 2.3: INTONATION: CONFIRMATION QUESTIONS 47 MAP 2.4: EXCLAMATION OF NEGATIVE ATTITUDE 48 MAP 2.5: THE DIPHTHONG /iy/ IN THE WESTERN MARINDUQUE DIALECT AREA 49 MAP 3.1: PERSONAL PLURAL NOMINAL MARKERS 53 MAP 3.2: RETENTION OF /d/ 55 MAP 3.3: PLACES WHERE qa ri 'this, Near Sp' AND gaqu n 'like that' ARE USED 56 MAP 3.4: 'you (plural)' 58 MAP 3.5: 'here' 60 MAP 3.6: PLURAL-ACTOR OF -um- 66 MAP 3.7: RECIPROCAL ACTION 68 MAP 3.8: IMPERATIVE ASPECT OF mag-. mang- 69 MAP 3.9: PROSPECTIVE ASPECT OF mag- AND mang- 71 viii Page MAP 3. 10: ma ka- AND ma kl- PROSPECTIVE ASPECT 74 MAP 3.11: ma ka- AND ma kl- IMPERFECT ASPECT 75 MAP 3.12: RECENT PERFECTIVE ASPECT 79 MAP 3.13: INTENSIFIERS 86 MAP 3.14: LIMITERS 88 MAP 3.15: INTERROGATIVE ENCLITICS 90 MAP 5.1: WORDS SHOWING VOWEL DIFFERENCES 154 MAP 5.2: baba:qe 'female' 156 MAP 5.3: 'human being' 157 MAP 5.4: to:toy 'young boy (a form of address)' 158 MAP 5.5: hi nd iq 'not; no' 159 MAP 5.6: ka:nimba :buy 'pig's feed' 160 MAP 5.7: 'piece' 168 MAP 5.8: 'piggy bank' 169 MAP 5.9: banli q 'scald' 170 MAP 5.10: meyron 'there is/are' 171 MAP 5.11: sa : luk 'scoop' 172 MAP 5.12: tu:suk 'prick' 173 MAP 5.13: tu: lak 'push' 174 MAP 5.14: OTHER NOUNS HAVING DIFFERENT ROOTS, SEPARATING THE WESTERN FROM THE EASTERN DIALECT AREA 175 MAP 5.15: NOUNS HAVING DIFFERENT ROOTS (cont'd from Map 5.14) 176 MAP 5.16: OTHER VERBS HAVING DIFFERENT ROOTS IN EM AND WM 177 MAP 5.17: DESCRIPTIVES HAVING DIFFERENT ROOTS IN WM AND EM 178 MAP 5.18: ta:yu na 'Let's go' 179 MAP 5.19: slngko 'five-centavo piece' 180 SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS q glottal stop n9 velar nasal v vowel c consonant the first consonant in a base the first consonant and vowel in a base base or stem, i.e.