Thesis PhD Islamic Studies “An Educational Analysis of the Objections of Orientalists on Hadith, Investigational Analysis of (their) Contrast Opinions” Submitted By: Supervised By: Muhammad Shahzad Prof. Dr. Abdul Rauf Zafar PhD. Islamic Studies Chairman Department of Roll No. 12 Islamic Studies, University of Sargodha Session 2009-2013 Department of Islamic Studies The Islamia University of Bahawalpur I II DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis of Ph.D. entitled “An Educational Analysis of the Objections of Orientalists on Ḥadīth Literature, Investigational Analysis of (their) Contrast Opinions” is the result of my individual research, and that it has not been submitted to any other university for any other degree. Muhammad Shahzad PhD. (Islamic Studies) Roll No: 12 (Session 2009-2012) The Islamia University of Bahawalpur III APPROVAL OF THESIS FOR SUBMISSION I hereby recommend the dissertation of PhD. accomplished under my supervision by Muhammad Shahzad Registration no: 44/IU.PhD/2009, Roll No: 12, entitled “An Educational Analysis of the Objections of Orientalists on Ḥadīth, Investigational Analysis of (their) Contrast Opinions” and has fulfilled the required rules and regulations for the achievement of PhD. degree in Islamic Studies in the session 2009-2012. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Abdul Rauf Zafar Chairman Department of Islamic Studies University of Sargodha IV Dedication • To those historic & spiritual figures in the scholarship of Ḥadīth who spent the whole of their lives to preserve and defend the sacred aḥadīth and sunnahs of the Holy Prophet. • To my Father, Muhammad Ramzan, with a sense of deep grief because of missing him on 16th of March 2012, who always voted at house in favor of the continuation of my higher studies. May God enable me to plant one million plants to pay homage to him according to the sunnah of the Holy Prophet. • To my mother whose sensational love and support to me is always a part of my pleasant memories about whom I emotionally claim that no one is blessed with such a loving and caring mother as I am. • To my elder brother M. Riaz, so innocent and sincere by nature but always sharp and adventurous in his endless favors to me not only in my studies but in all the spheres of life also. • To all of those innovative thinkers who think out of the box and try to explore the horizons beyond the imaginations of the public in their surroundings. Acknowledgments V While researching this Doctoral thesis, I greatly benefited from a good number of institutions and persons without who’s help and suggestions I would never be able to complete this lengthy task. I should like to acknowledge them all with gratitude. First of all Sir Abdul Rauf Zafar deserves this acknowledgement who always co-operates not only with me but with all of his students. Whose kindness and supervision, sometimes really seems like a spiritual parentage. I am thankful to my great cousin, M. Safdar Jāved, Senior librarian at NUST Islamabad, whose guidance, encouragement and company has always been a divine blessing for me. I am also grateful to Dr. Abdul Ghaffār who so generously handed over his PhD thesis to me even without prior conscience. I should not miss to thank Mr. Bilāl Aḥmad, Assistant professor at IIUI, who, in spite of his much indulgence in the research of his own doctoral thesis, generously spared a lot of time for me even without prior appointment to help me technically in the process of transliteration after which I found myself able to complete this task. It must not be missed to acknowledge Dr. Ghulām Ḥusain Bābar, one of the prominent young scholars of Islamic Studies in Pakistan whose sincerity with himself as well as the nation has impressed me a lot. I cannot ignore the sympathy and selfless co-operation of my dear friend & colleague Mr. Rizwanulhaq, PhD scholar AIOU who’s simple and humble company has always been a source of comfort for me in difficult circumstances. The whole staff of the Islamic Studies department, especially Sheikh Faisal Shahzād, should also be acknowledged who always co-operated with me from the approval of the topic to the submission of this thesis . Library staff of different Libraries like central Library IUB Bahāwalpūr, Central Library PU Lahore, Quid-e-A‘zam library Bagh-e- Jinnah Lahore, central library AIOU, Central library IIUI specially Chief Librarian Sher Noroz Khān also deserves the acknowledgement who first time reminded me of the transliteration and also offered to guide me in this regard, and the staff of Dr. Ḥamīdullah Library (IRI) Islamabad deserve the heartiest thanks because of their selfless support in this regard. And finally it would morally be an injustice not to express my heartiest gratitude to my life partner Mrs. Razia Shahzad who after marriage not only proved herself a caring house wife but also sacrificed her in process MPhil degree just observing that I could not afford so much time to let her continue VI her studies at Lahore. She also helped me in composing the 99% of this thesis. Without her this help, I could never have completed it. May the Almighty reward all of them for their generous and selfless co- operation with me. Ᾱmīn. M. Shahzad Azad Abstract This doctoral thesis is an attempt to critically analyze the approaches and views of orientalists or “Ḥadīth Literature”. Central point has been to explore different misconceptions and misleading findings made by orientalists in the field of Ḥadīth Sciences. The key point of orientalists approaches is that they always worked on “Ḥadīth Literature” through the patron of secularism and biaroners. VII This thesis has been divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with the basic and historical concept of orientalism. The intellectual history and methodology of orientalists has been discussed thoroughly. The second chapter presents “Authority of Ḥadīth and Sunnah as a second Source of Islamic Law. The status and importance of Ḥadīth has been discussed in detail. The third chapter commences with the preservation, compilation and diffusion of Ḥadīth and Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad ( S. A. W. ) . The different methods of the preservation and diffusion of Ḥadīth discussed in detail. The fourth chapter deals with the views and approaches adopted by the Orientalists about Ḥadīth Literature. In this chapter content criticism of Ḥadīth and the sources of confirmation have also been discussed. The last chapter deals with the “Authority and Authenticity of Isnād system in Ḥadīth”. In this chapter Isnad system, Asma ur-Rijal, Ilm al Jarh wa ta‘dīl, mandatory qualities for the tadīl of a transmitter, classification of Aḥādīth, and Isnad system also discussed in detail. At the end concluding remarks and recommendations presented. As a conclusion, an effort has been made to present the true, authentic and authoritative picture of Ḥadīth Literature. I hope this thesis will contribute something new to the Ḥadīth academia. This research will also open new avenues for the future researchers to further explore the core issue and give awareness to the Muslim Ummah about their due role in this regard. Abbreviations ‘Ajjāj : al-Sunnah Qabl at-Tadwīn. Annales : Ṭabarī, Annales (Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī). Bayān al-‘Ilm : Ibn Abdul Barr, Jam‘I Bayān al-‘Ilm wa Faḍlihī. Brown : Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought. Bucaille : The Bible, the Qur’ān and Science, Bukhārī : Muḥammad b. Isma‘īl, al-Jām‘i al-Șaḥīḥ. Criticism : Șohaib Ḥasan, Criticism of Ḥadīth Among VIII Muslims with Refrence to Ibn Māja. Da‘īfah : Al-bānī, Nāsir al-Dīn, Silsilāt al-Aḥādīth al-Ḍa‘īfah wa al-Mauḍū‘ah. Dārmī : Al-dārmī al-Sunan. Dāwūd : Abū Dāwūd, Sunan, Decline : Edward Gibbon, The Decline and fall of Roman Empire. Early ╓adīth : M. M. A‘zamī, Studies in Early Ḥadīth Literature Essays : Sir Syed, A Series of Essays on the Life of Muḥammad. Fāșil : al-Ramahurmuzī, al-Muhaddith al-Fāșil Bayn al-Rāwī wa al-Wa‘ī. Fath-ul-Bārī : Ibn Ḥajar , Fath al Bārī Sharḥ Șaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Guillaume : Alfred Guillaume,The Traditions of Islam. Ḥadīth Literature: Zubayr Siddīqī, Ḥadīth Literature. Ḥadīth Methodology: M. M. A‘ẓmī Studies in Ḥadīth Methodology and Literature. Ḥanbal : Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, Musnad. Ḥuffāẓ : al-Dhahbī, Tadhkirah-al-Ḥuffāẓ. Ibn Mājah : Sunnan. Image : Buaben, Image of the Prophet Muhammad in the West. Ișābah : al-Ișābah fī Tamyīz al-Șahābah. Islamic Theology : Goldziher, Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law. IX Islamic Law : Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law. Isnād : J. Robson, The Isnād in Muslim Tradition. Al-Jaūzī : Muadūāt al-Kubrā. Juynboll : Muslim Tradition. Kifāyah : al-Kifāyah fī ‘Ilm al-Riwāyah. Mohammadanism : Margoliouth, The Early Development of Mohammadanism. Muir : William Muir, The Life of Mahomet. Mustadrak : al-Ḥākim an-Nisabūrī, Mustadrak Muwaṭṭā : Mālik b. Anas, Muwaṭṭa Muslim : Muslim, al-Jām‘i al-Șaḥīḥ, ma‘ Sharḥ al-Noorī . Origins : Origins of Mohammadan Jurisprudence. On Schacht’s : On Schacht’s Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence Shawkānī : Fawa’id al-Majmūa‘a. Spiritual Background : Bravmann, The Spiritual Background of Early Islam. Tadrīb : Suyūtī, Tadrīb ur-Rāwī. Tahdhir : Suyūtī, Tahdhir al-Khawāș, min Aḥādīth al-Qușșāș. Tamyīz : Muslim. Tanzīḥ : Tanzih al-Shariya al-Marfu’a, an al-Akhbār al-Shaniya al-Mauḍu‘a. Taqī, : Taqī‘ Uthmānī, The Authority of Sunnah. Tārīkh al-Kabīr: Ibn Asākir, ‘Alī b al-Ḥasan, al-Tārīkh al- Kabīr. X Tirmidhī : Muḥammad b ‘Iesā, al-Jāmi‘. Way of Life : Hitti, Islam a Way of Life. Zad al-Ma‘ād : Ibn Qayyim, Zad al-Ma‘ād. Preface Ḥadīth literature is the richest source of early Islamic history that provides material for the legal, cultural and religious understandings of Islam. Ḥadīth has been considered the second source of Islamic Jurisprudence. Throughout the Islamic legal history since the life of the Holy Prophet.