LIBERTY UNIVERSITY DIE PHANTASIE GOTTES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE DIVINE IDEAS IN DEITY THEORIES & BRIAN LEFTOW, WITH A PROPOSED SYNTHESIS MASTER’S THESIS PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE MASTER OF ARTS IN PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES BY NATHAN AUSTIN DOWELL The poet's eye, in fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven; And as imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen Turns them to shapes and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. - Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream, 5.1.12-17. 1 Acknowledgments I would like to thank Brian Leftow first of all. The chances of him ever becoming aware of anything here are very small but I have to acknowledge him, nonetheless. From everything I have read and seen in lectures, he appears to be a brilliant, original and thorough thinker. His intellectual rigor, humility and passion for God and His supremacy in all things make him a preeminent Christian philosopher for a philosophy student like myself to strive to imitate in my work. It is unfortunate that tone can be lost in writing so I ask the reader to subliminally preface all my critical remarks of his work with a sincere “with all due respect.” I owe a great debt here to Leibniz, Kant, and Spinoza, three prolific German thinkers in whose honor I made the title for this thesis. They both set me on this path (Leibniz) and caused me to change directions while on it (Kant and Spinoza). Some personal friends and family: my dad for his passion for Christ and doing his best to impart that to me; my brothers Joseph and David for their support and insight in conversations on these issues; Scott Panida, one of the most encouraging and inquisitive men I know; Brendan Hegarty for thoughtful conversations; Jonathan Wells, Joseph Gibson, Matt Nevius, Will Green, Shaun Smith and Canaan Suitt, who not only all spoke with me about and/or read over sections of this paper but who also made my time in the M.A.P.S. at Liberty University rich in many ways; Dr. Robert Hughes, who was initially responsible for my interest in philosophy, continuation in academia and desire to integrate imagination and theology; the professors at Liberty University, especially Dr. Martin, Dr. Provenzola and Dr. Hinkson, who challenged, inspired and encouraged me from the day I met them and were exemplars, par excellence, of not only Christian philosophy at its finest, but also godly men who I had the joy and privilege of studying under and following. Ironically, there is no footnote where one will see, “Thanks to Dr. Provenzola for this point,” and this is drastically misleading. It is ironic because (1) he, along with Dr. Martin, had such an incalculably tremendous influence in forming this thesis and (2) because of his emphasis on the implicit (himself now an instance of that). His passion for the role of imagination in philosophy and theology is as contagious as it is compelling. Above the rest, I thank my wife Ashley, who edified me in the hard times of the program and rejoiced with me in the good times. I thank God every day that she is in my life and it is a constant grace that she faithfully loves me in spite of my many faults. Lastly, I thank the triune God, without whom, in the spirit of Leibniz, this thesis would not exist or even be possible. All other praise to the others above is indirect praise to the Other above all. I am in awe of just how creative and imaginative He is, the greatest manifestation of His creativity being in the story of the gospel of Jesus Christ, our beautiful hope, love and Lord. I will not do justice to Him here or in a thousand pages or lifetimes but for a glimpse of His glory, I would willingly spill every drop of ink. No minute spent in pursuit of the Great Pursuer is a moment wasted and I pray that the journey taken in these pages is one with Him at the end. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................2 Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................................6 I. Opening: A Tale of Three Creative Siblings.....................................................................6 II. Statement of the Problem..................................................................................................8 III. Statement of Purpose.....................................................................................................10 IV. Statement of the Importance of the Problem.................................................................11 V. Statement of Position on the Problem............................................................................12 VI. Limitations....................................................................................................................12 VII. Method.........................................................................................................................14 A. Research Methods .............................................................................................14 B. Tests or Questionnaires......................................................................................14 C. Data Analysis......................................................................................................14 VIII. Chapter Divisions and Summaries.............................................................................15 A. Chapter Divisions...............................................................................................15 B. Summary of Each Chapter..................................................................................15 IX. Research Sources..........................................................................................................17 X. Results............................................................................................................................17 Chapter 2: Deity Theories & Their Problems............................................................................19 I. A Brief History of Deity Theories...................................................................................19 A. Middle Platonism and Early Christian Thought ................................................19 B. Similitude and Simplicity in Aquinas.................................................................21 C. Leibniz’s Monadology........................................................................................26 D. Spinoza’s Pantheism...........................................................................................29 E. Kant’s Natural Theology.....................................................................................31 3 F. Some Initial Concerns for Kant and the Tradition He Represents......................34 II. Leftow’s Critiques of Deity Theory...............................................................................39 A. Necessary Truths and Their Ontologizers .........................................................39 B. The Negative Project I: Against General Arguments from Deity......................42 C. The Negative Project II: Against Decomposing Deity.......................................46 D. The Positive Project: Why Deity Theories Should Be Avoided........................51 Chapter 3: A Half Step with a Long Stride: Brian Leftow’s Non-Deity Theory...................56 I. Exegesis of Leftow’s Theory...........................................................................................56 A. What it is in God to Do.......................................................................................56 B. The Biggest Bang of All.....................................................................................59 C. Permitting and Preventing States of Affairs.......................................................64 D. Cleaning Up: Modal Logic and Other Concepts in Leftow’s System................67 E. On God and Necessity… and Possibility............................................................72 F. Anticipated Objections........................................................................................73 II. The ‘In Him’ Locution and Complications....................................................................75 A. Bohn, Forrest, Oppy and Craig vs. Leftow........................................................75 B. Final Analysis of the ‘in Him’ Locution............................................................79 Chapter 4: Imagination Bodying Forth: A Leftowian Deity Theory?.....................................83 I. A General Defense of Deity Theories: Brutality for Brutality........................................83 II. An Alternative Imaginative Account.............................................................................86 A. Imagination and God..........................................................................................86 B. Imaginative Leaps I: Nothing and General Possibilities....................................91 C. Imaginative Leaps II: Specific Natures and Leftow’s Leaky Boat....................98 D. Imaginative Leaps III: Vagueness and Definite Creature Concepts................103 E. A Different Problem of Evil.............................................................................108 4 III. Concluding Remarks...................................................................................................111 A. To Infinity… and Beyond? Are there further Leaps?......................................111