Pilot Identification of Symbols and an Exploration of Symbol Design Issues for Electronic Displays of Aeronautical Charting Information Divya C. Chandra DOT/FAA/AR-07/37 Michelle Yeh DOT-VNTSC-FAA-07-07 U.S. Department of Transportation Research and Innovative Technology Administration John A. Volpe National Transportation Air Traffic Organization Operations Systems Center Planning Cambridge, MA 02142 Human Factors Research and Engineering Group Washington, DC 20591 June 2007 This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 22161. Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. Notice The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. ii REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES June 2007 COVERED 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Pilot Identification of Symbols and an Exploration of Symbol Design Issues for Electronic Displays of Aeronautical Charting Information FA6Y/DD305 6. AUTHOR(S) Divya C. Chandra and Michelle Yeh 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION U.S. Department of Transportation REPORT NUMBER John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Research and Innovative Technology Administration DOT-VNTSC-FAA-07-07 Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration AGENCY REPORT NUMBER Air Traffic Organization Operations Planning Human Factors Research and Engineering Group DOT/FAA/AR-07/37 800 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, D.C. 20591 Program Manager: Dr. Tom McCloy 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) This report describes a study designed to address four research questions about symbology for electronic displays of charting information. The main research question was whether pilots could identify a set of test symbols. Three other research questions were addressed regarding: (1) labels for navigation aid symbols, (2) grouping navigation aids into families, and (3) line style conventions on paper charts and electronic moving map displays. The tested symbols are being considered for inclusion in an updated industry recommendations document, specifically, the SAE International Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP) document on Electronic Aeronautical Symbols (ARP 5289). The Federal Aviation Administration or the International Civil Aviation Organization may choose to adopt this industry document by reference, at a later date. Note that this research applies to any electronic display that shows the symbology (i.e., symbols and lines) tested in this study, regardless of the intended function of the display. 14. SUBJECT TERM 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Electronic displays, aeronautical charts, symbology, moving map displays, charting 75 information, symbols 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE CLASSIFICATION Unclassified Unclassified OF ABSTRACT Unclassified iii This page left blank intentionally. iv PREFACE This report was prepared by the Human Factors Division of the Office of Aviation Programs at the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center. It was completed with funding from the FAA Human Factors Research and Engineering Group (AJP-61) in support of the Aircraft Certification Service Avionics Branch (AIR-130). We would like to thank our FAA program manager, Tom McCloy, as well as our technical sponsor Colleen Donovan. We would also like to thank all the members of the SAE International G-10 Aeronautical Charting Committee, who invested their expertise and time to make this study so valuable. Particular thanks go to the many pilots who donated their time and input for the study. In addition, we would like to thank Catherine Guthy, Andrea Sparko, and Hao Tran for assistance with the data processing, and Raquel Rodriguez, for assistance with distributing the surveys. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, the Research and Innovative Technology Administration, or the United States Department of Transportation. Feedback on this document may be sent to Divya Chandra ([email protected]) or Michelle Yeh ([email protected]). Further information on this research effort can be found at http://www.volpe.dot.gov/hf. v METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS ENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISH LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in) 1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in) 1 yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m) 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft) 1 mile (mi) = 1.6 kilometers (km) 1 meter (m) = 1.1 yards (yd) 1 kilometer (km) = 0.6 mile (mi) AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE) 1 square inch (sq in, in2) = 6.5 square centimeters 1 square centimeter (cm2) = 0.16 square inch (sq in, in2) (cm2) 1 square foot (sq ft, ft2) = 0.09 square meter (m2) 1 square meter (m2) = 1.2 square yards (sq yd, yd2) 1 square yard (sq yd, yd2) = 0.8 square meter (m2) 1 square kilometer (km2) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi2) 1 square mile (sq mi, mi2) = 2.6 square kilometers 10,000 square meters (m2) = 1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres (km2) 2 1 acre = 0.4 hectare (he) = 4,000 square meters (m ) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gm) 1 gram (gm) = 0.036 ounce (oz) 1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb) 1 short ton = 2,000 = 0.9 tonne (t) 1 tonne (t) = 1,000 kilograms (kg) pounds (lb) = 1.1 short tons VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliter (ml) = 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz) 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 2.1 pints (pt) 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 1.06 quarts (qt) 1 cup (c) = 0.24 liter (l) 1 liter (l) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (l) 1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (l) 1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (l) 1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3) = 0.03 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3) 1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd3) = 0.76 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd3) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) [(x-32)(5/9)] °F = y °C [(9/5) y + 32] °C = x °F QUICK INCH - CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION 0 1 2345 Inches Centimeters 0126 3 4 5 711098 1112 3 QUICK FAHRENHEIT - CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION °F -40° -22° -4° 14° 32° 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140° 158° 176° 194° 212° °C -40° -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 100° For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NIST Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and Measures. Price $2.50 SD Catalog No. C13 10286 Updated 6/17/98 vi Table of Contents List of Figures...............................................................................................................................viii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................ix Executive Summary........................................................................................................................xi Acronyms......................................................................................................................................xiii 1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Existing Guidance .......................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Goals for Industry Recommendations Document........................................................... 2 1.3 Symbol Stereotypes for Navigation Aids ....................................................................... 3 2 Method ....................................................................................................................................4 2.1 Participants ..................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Procedure.......................................................................................................................