Final Report Study on Co-Regulation Measures in the Media Sector Study for the European Commission, Directorate Information Society and Media Unit A1 Audiovisual and Media Policies Tender DG EAC 03/04 Contract No.: 2004-5091/001-001 DAVBST Draft: 13 January 2006 Editorial note on the draft of the final report The purpose of this draft is to provide a document for Seminar 2 in January 2006. All empiri- cal data available as of 1 January have been incorporated in the draft. However, the intention of the contractor is to complete the assessment for the final version. At the same time an im- pact assessment focussing on crucial points of the systems found within the EU will be car- ried out on the systems of nominated non-EU countries. Dr. Wolfgang Schulz Project leader III Table of Contents 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Objective of the study ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Approach and method................................................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.1. Theoretical background........................................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2. Identifying co-regulatory systems ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.3. Impact assessment.............................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.2.3.1. Document research.................................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.3.2. Expert survey........................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3. Implementation .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 2. Concept and terminology: Understanding Co-Regulation............................................................................................................ 11 2.1. Co-Regulation as a modern form of government..................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1. Regulation in the information society................................................................................................................................. 11 2.1.2. Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.3. Development paths – The staring point matters ................................................................................................................ 16 2.1.4. Co-Regulation vs. Self-Regulation..................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2. Studies on Co-regulation already done ................................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.1. EU Documents, Studies and Communications.................................................................................................................. 18 2.2.2. Academic research ............................................................................................................................................................ 20 2.3. Towards a working definition ................................................................................................................................................... 27 2.4. Criteria for determining which types of regulation are covered by the study........................................................................... 35 3. Co-Regulation in Europe and selected non-European countries................................................................................................. 39 3.1. Co-Regulatory systems............................................................................................................................................................ 39 3.1.1. Identification of the systems of co-regulation..................................................................................................................... 39 3.1.1.1. The creation of specific non-state organisations, rules or processes .................................................................... 39 3.1.1.2. Influence on decisions by persons or organisations .............................................................................................. 40 3.1.1.3. Performance by or within the organisations or parts of society whose members are addressees of the (non-state) regulation ............................................................................................................................................. 40 3.1.1.4. Public policy goals.................................................................................................................................................. 40 3.1.1.5. Legal connection between state and non-state regulation..................................................................................... 40 3.1.1.6. Discretionary power................................................................................................................................................ 41 3.1.1.7. State uses regulatory resources ............................................................................................................................ 41 3.1.2. Co-regulatory systems in the EU ....................................................................................................................................... 41 3.1.2.1. Austria: Protection of minors in movies.................................................................................................................. 42 3.1.2.1.1. Overall description of the system including public policy objective the system aims to achieve..................... 43 3.1.2.1.2. Task of non-state regulation ............................................................................................................................ 43 3.1.2.1.3. Connection between the non-state regulatory system and the state regulation ............................................. 44 3.1.2.1.4. Regulatory resources the state uses to influence the outcome of the regulatory process.............................. 44 3.1.2.1.5. Enforcement, sanctions ................................................................................................................................... 44 3.1.2.2. France: Advertising regulation................................................................................................................................ 45 3.1.2.2.1. Overall description of the system including public policy objective the system aims to achieve..................... 45 3.1.2.2.2. Task of non-state regulation ............................................................................................................................ 45 3.1.2.2.3. Connection between the non-state regulatory system and the state regulation ............................................. 46 3.1.2.2.4. Regulatory resources the state uses to influence the outcome of the regulatory process.............................. 46 3.1.2.2.5. Enforcement, sanctions ................................................................................................................................... 46 3.1.2.3. Germany: Protection of minors in broadcasting..................................................................................................... 47 3.1.2.3.1. Overall description of the system including public policy objective the system aims to achieve..................... 47 3.1.2.3.2. Task of non-state regulation ............................................................................................................................ 48 3.1.2.3.3. Connection between the non-state regulatory system and the state regulation ............................................. 48 Draft final report: Co-Regulation Measures in the Media Sector 3.1.2.3.4. Regulatory resources the state uses to influence the outcome of the regulatory process.............................. 48 3.1.2.3.5. Enforcement, sanctions ................................................................................................................................... 49 3.1.2.4. Germany: Protection of minors in internet services ............................................................................................... 50 3.1.2.4.1. Overall description of the system including public policy objective the system aims to achieve..................... 50 3.1.2.4.2. Task of non-state regulation ............................................................................................................................ 51 3.1.2.4.3. Connection between