Adlai Stevenson III Folder Citation: Collection: Records of the 1976 Campaign Committee to Elect Jimmy Carter; Series: Noel Sterrett Subject File; Folder: Adlai Stevenson III; Container 93 To See Complete Finding Aid: http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/library/findingaids/Carter-Mondale%20Campaign_1976.pdf OC--+• ,The further spread of nuclear reactors seems inevitable and AMERICA MUST ACT cduld be desirable. The world's energy demands will intensify; By Adlai E. Stevenson Ill 1'17'f f.ossil fuel resources are depleting. Particularly in the last year, oil costs are adding billions to balance-of-payments deficits and ~ 1954 the United States began, innocently enough, to share causing widespread shortages. Nuclear power offers a source of Its nuclear resources with the world. Since the start of the energy, independent of foreign oil supplies. For countries like I , Atoms for Peace program we have supplied nuclear tech­ India, oil imports consume foreign-exchange earnings needed nology and materials to 29 countries in an effort to extend the for such essential imports as food. Understandably, nations seek­ benefits of peaceful atomic power to all mankind. In the inter­ ing reliable al tern a ti vcs to expensive oil sec n uclca r power as the vening years, other nations have developed their own nuclear answer. capabilities, or have received assistance from U.S. licensees in They are aided and abetted by the nuclear-exporting states, other countries, such as France, or through sharing arrange­ which are scrambling to pay their own oil bills. Salesmen from ments such as Euratom and the International Atomic Energy Canada, West Germany, the United Kingdom, France and the Agency ( IAEA). All told today, over 500 nuclear reactors are United States are busy making their rounds. The competition is in operation in 45 countries. By 1985, the number of operating intense. Businessmen see the opportunities and seek new markets. power reactors throughout the world is expected to quadruple. Westinghouse and General Electric reactors know no national The implications for world peace arid stability are momentous. boundaries. Through a French venture, vVestinghousc reactors Atoms intended for peace can also be used for war. A nation find their way to Iran and wherever else the French can make a with a functioning nuclear reactor and a reprocessing facility can· sale. · produce plutonium for the manufacture of explosive devices. The momentum becomes self-generating. Chastened by the oil Small reprocessing plants for weapons-grade plutonium can be embargo, nations realize that possession of nuclear reactors with­ built fairly quickly, at moderate expense, and arc difficult to de­ out control over nuclear fuel gives only illusory energy indepen­ tect. The weapons technology i.s readily available, and once plu­ dence. Independent and diversified sources of nuclear fuel are, tonium is acquired nuclear arms can'be fabricated with relative therefore, sought. case. According to some estimates, hy 1980 the world's nuclear At present the dominant reactor type in the world market re­ reactors will have produced 300,000 to 450,000 kilograms of plu­ mains the American light-water design, fueled by enriched ura­ tonium. As little as five or six kilograms is required to make a nium-of which the United States is almost the sole present bomb with a destructive force of ro to 20 kilotons of TNT, which source. As a result of rapid growth in demand, the U.S. Atomic was the size of the two bombs that devastated Nagasaki and Energy Commission may no longer have the capacity for long­ Hiroshima. term supply commitments to all customers; when contracts were · The nuclear club, which recently counted only the United entered into to supply the newly promised 600-mcgawatt reactors States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and China among to Egypt and Israel last June (not to be completed till the mid- its members, is already losing its exclusivity. The recent Indian 198os) new contracts for traditional European customers had to explosion, de~pite its "peaceful" label, has set its doors ajar. be delayed. Partly because of foreseeable limitations of Amer­ Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Italy, South Africa, Spain and ican supply and partly to get away from the cost and political West Germany are either near, or pe-rhaps, like Israel, already strain of dependence on the United States, efforts to produce en­ inside. Australia, Austria, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, East Ger­ riched uranium elsewhere are going forward rapidly. Already, many, Ira·n, Japan, Norway, Pakistan, Sweden, Switzerland and two European ·consortia, Eurodif and Urenco, are starting con­ Taiwan have it withii1 their technological means to enter the club I struction of factories to supply Europe's enriched uranium re- in the near future. I I l NUCLEAR REACTORS: AMERICA MUST ACT 67 66 FOREIGN AFFAIRS Jluences will become more pronounced. Nations will find it di~- ~uire~~~ts and to compete with U.S. (and Soviet) output. Thus, 1 cult to exercise self-denial for long when traditional enemies compet1t1on to sell reactors expands to include competition to start down the nuclear path. Confronted by nuclear India, Pak­ sell fuel. istan cannot help but feel anxiety. Indeed, it is now seeking a Th~ same stri~ing for independence has contributed to the reprocessing plant, and if succ~ss_ful, will acquire it{ own s?urce grow1~g popularity o_f heavy-water reactor designs, notably the of plutonium. Tran, although 1t 1s a pa_rty :o the N?npr?lifera­ C_anad1an Candu, which rely on relatively abundant and widely tion Treaty (NPT), may also be movrng 111 that d ircct1on .. l~s dispersed natural uranium for fuel. One reason India took the plans for accumulating reactors appear to exceed. any realistic heavy-water reac:or route may have been to free itself from de­ energy requirements. Iraq in time could follow suit. Israel and pendence on foreign fuel suppliers. Egypt, as well as others on the nuclear threshold, may be tempted . The ~pread of nuclear reactors has thus taken on a wholly new to follow. d1mens1on:We _face a new era in nuclear power, totally different And momentum has been added by the feeble Test Ban Agree- from the s1tuat10n as recently as ten years ago. As nuclear power ment reached at the recent l\iloscow summit. The 1 50-kiloton sprea~s, the danger that nuclear weapons too will spread and threshold, the 1976 effective date, and the total exemption o_f ex­ come mt~ new hands has gro,vn and intensified as well. plosions for "peaceful" purposes all imply-even procla11:1-­ _T~e risks ~f accident and theft-already significant even that the U nitcd States and the Soviet Union arc not very serious w1t?m the United States-will inevitably be heightened. While about stopping proliferation. "Peaceful" nuclear explosions arc accidents do not usually have international consequences (the indistinguishable from explosions for non-p~accful purposes, a l?_cal. damag_e may be en_ough to worry about!), theft or diver­ point brought home forcefully by the India? detona_t10n last sion mto private_ hands 1s both a national and an international l\ilay. If the superpowers are unwilling to exercise restrarnt them- problem: The wide publicity this danger has received is not I selves, they cannot expect restraint from others. ~m convrnced, ~verd rawn. Determined terro~ist groups or cri:n­ lil ~nal cleme1~ts with access to nuclear materials would have unlim­ ited capacity for bl~ckr:1ail. Primitive delivery systems would Against this background of ever-widening nuclear _capaci~y suffice .. Under certain circumstances, plutonium could be used and temptation stands the Nonproliferation Treaty. Signed 111 as a po_1son, as well as for nuclear explosives. 1968, it is a testament to the anxieties aroused by the _French . Agarns: the risk of p~ivate_ diversion, existing control systems tests that began in 1960 and the Chinese tests that began 111 196+. 111 the major nuclear nations, 111clu_ding the United States, arc not A startled world then awakened to the reality that nuclear weap- adequate. vVh~t, then, could the nsk become in nations that lack ons were no longer the province of the few. our tech_nolog1cal and security resources and experience? The treaty has 83 parties. It has 23 add1t10?al signatories Location of ~ucle~r reactors in politically unstable nations which have so far withheld ratification. Both Chrna and France adds another d11pens1on. Their control can shift radically as have steadfastly refused to join. Also missing arc Argentina, gove_rnments change h~~ds. The ability to pinpoint responsibility Brazil, India, Pakistan, Israel and South Africa. South K?rea, and 1mp~se accou~tabd1ty becomes almost impossible. Japan, vVest Germany and Egypt have signed but not yet ratified. ~s nat10ns acquire nucl_ear materials and technology, the temp­ The treaty remains just that: an agrecr:1ent _to be ?bserved by tation to de~elop explosives will intensify. Nuclear capability those willing to join and for so long as 1t suits the1 r pu:poses, tends to be_v1~\ved as a 1~1easure of power and prestige. By a recent with two powerful nuclear states, as well as many potent~al nu­ poll, a maionty of I nd1ans now favor that nation's acquisition of clear states, on the outside. It is a mighty gesture, but it falls tI:e,nucl~ar weapon. The timid international reaction which In­ seriously short of coping with today's realities. d_ia s act1_on generated cannot have gone unnoticed by other na­ The treaty is shot through with potential contradict1o?s. It tions which may be moving toward nuclear capability. prohibits the transfer of weapons on the one hand, but it en- As the nuclear-weapons potential spreads, destabilizing 111- 68 FOREIGN AFFAIRS NUCLEAR REACTORS: AMERICA MUST ACT 69 1 ires enriched uranium, a material courages the exchange of nuclear materials and technology on water reactor.