DBA THESIS Public Preferences on the Trade-off Between Privacy and Surveillance in Public Spaces A thesis submitted for the award of Professional Doctorate in Business Administration University of Portsmouth March 16, 2020 Student No: UP831511 Akbar Nasir Khan Public Preferences on the Trade-off Between Privacy and Surveillance in Public Spaces Academic Declaration “Whilst registered as a candidate for the above degree, I have not been registered for any other research award. The results and conclusions embodied in this thesis are the work of the named candidate and have not been submitted for any other academic award”. Akbar Nasir Khan March 16 - 2020 ANK ii Public Preferences on the Trade-off Between Privacy and Surveillance in Public Spaces FORM UPR16 Research Ethics Review Checklist Please include this completed form as an appendix to your thesis (see the Research Degrees Operational Handbook for more information Postgraduate Research Student (PGRS) Information Student ID: 831511 PGRS Name: Akbar Nasir Khan Department: Business and Law First Supervisor: Professor Shabbar Jaffry Start Date: Progressed October, 2016 (or progression date for Prof Doc students) Part-time MPhil MD Study Mode and Route: Full-time PhD Professional Doctorate Title of Thesis: Public Preferences on the Trade-off Between Privacy and Surveillance in Public Spaces Thesis Word Count: 55, 234 (excluding ancillary data) If you are unsure about any of the following, please contact the local representative on your Faculty Ethics Committee for advice. Please note that it is your responsibility to follow the University’s Ethics Policy and any relevant University, academic or professional guidelines in the conduct of your study Although the Ethics Committee may have given your study a favourable opinion, the final responsibility for the ethical conduct of this work lies with the researcher(s). UKRIO Finished Research Checklist: (If you would like to know more about the checklist, please see your Faculty or Departmental Ethics Committee rep or see the online version of the full checklist at: http://www.ukrio.org/what-we-do/code-of-practice-for-research/) a) Have all of your research and findings been reported accurately, honestly and YES within a reasonable time frame? NO b) Have all contributions to knowledge been acknowledged? YES NO c) Have you complied with all agreements relating to intellectual property, publication YES and authorship? NO d) Has your research data been retained in a secure and accessible form and will it YES remain so for the required duration? NO e) Does your research comply with all legal, ethical, and contractual requirements? YES NO Candidate Statement: I have considered the ethical dimensions of the above named research project, and have successfully obtained the necessary ethical approval(s) Ethical review number(s) from Faculty Ethics Committee (or from BAL/2019/7/Khan NRES/SCREC): If you have not submitted your work for ethical review, and/or you have answered ‘No’ to one or more of questions a) to e), please explain below why this is so: NA Signed (PGRS): Date: April 01,2020 UPR16 – April 2018 ANK iii Public Preferences on the Trade-off Between Privacy and Surveillance in Public Spaces To my late Father Nasir Ali Khan and Mother Shamim Akhtar ANK iv Public Preferences on the Trade-off Between Privacy and Surveillance in Public Spaces Acknowledgement I am hugely grateful to a large number of people for making this journey possible. First and foremost, my wife Victoria Jane Lee and our daughters Iris Lee Khan & Zara Lee Khan who have put up with years of my absence whilst I complete the work. Their support has been unwavering. To my family, my loving parents, brothers and sisters; without their support I would never have been in a position to start, let alone finish this endeavour of learning. And my friends, who I cherish most, and who keep me motivated in public service, this work and in my personal life. Academically, I offer my greatest thanks for the enormous support given to me over the four years period from my supervisor Professor Shabbar Jaffry who led me through this journey with huge encouragement, affection and personal support. Also, Professor James McCalman, who was always there to put me back on the right track where I drifted in my research. They offered their collective expertise which was extremely valuable in improving this work. Organizationally, my thanks to Pakistan Police and Punjab Safe Cities Authority which have been a source of tremendous support to me over the years as it has helped me to succeed in my career. To the organisations in which I worked, those who have granted access and my research subjects, a huge thank you for letting me work with you. To all concerned, I am hugely grateful for your collective support in helping me achieve what has been a lifelong goal. Thank you. Akbar Nasir Khan DIG.PSP.QPM March 16, 2020 ANK v Public Preferences on the Trade-off Between Privacy and Surveillance in Public Spaces Abstract This research focuses upon public preferences on the trade-off between surveillance and privacy in public spaces in the context of Pakistan. Mass surveillance in Pakistan has begun from Lahore, the second largest city of the country, by installing approximately 8000 cameras with intelligent features primarily to deal with multiple security and public safety issues. Punjab Safe Cities Authority is a government organisation working under Punjab Police responsible for establishment and functioning of Punjab Police integrated command, control and communication centers in Punjab. However, public was not consulted prior to enforcement of this innovative technology-oriented project in Lahore. This research has strived to fill this gap in governance of security to explore the public preference of people in two cities (Multan and Rawalpindi) of the Punjab province through quantitative research and application of discrete choice stated preferences model. This research is significant because of the impact assessment of Lahore Safe City project as it was designed, implemented and operationalized. A new governance framework for data protection and public safety was adopted for the first time in Pakistan and transformation of an old Policing model to an advanced collaborative digital platform was studied in real time to draw some conclusions. Results of this research are important for the practice and public policy alike. From practical perspective, this research provided guidelines for taking on such innovative projects in countries like Pakistan and how to manage implementation of change in organisations like Punjab Police. From public policy perspective, it has initiated the debate of privacy as a fundamental human right which has strategic implications in the legal framework of the country by a possible amendment in the constitution of Pakistan. People have supported the installation of surveillance cameras for security however, their willingness to pay a security fee for this apparatus has some limitations. The research leads to recommendations that such public policy interventions should be designed after due consultations with the public for democratic governance. It also suggests that there should be a legal framework for protection of privacy rights of the people subjected to surveillance and a national regulatory mechanism should be adopted to strike a balance between application of mass surveillance systems and protection of privacy rights in the country in order to avoid technical and public policy risks. ANK vi Public Preferences on the Trade-off Between Privacy and Surveillance in Public Spaces Contents DBA THESIS ......................................................................................................... i Public Preferences on the Trade-off Between ............................................ i Privacy and Surveillance .................................................................................. i in Public Spaces ................................................................................................. i Acknowledgement .................................................................................................. v Abstract ................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ....................................................................................................... xiii List of Tables ........................................................................................................ xiii List of Charts ........................................................................................................ xiv Glossary ............................................................................................................... xix Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Setting the scene - First National Internal Security Policy of Pakistan .... 1 1.2. Aims and Objectives ................................................................................ 4 1.3. Research Questions ................................................................................. 5 1.4. Timing ................................................................................................... 7 1.5. Significance .............................................................................................