THETHE COMPLETECOMPLETE ILLUSTRATEDILLUSTRATED GUIDEGUIDE FROMFROM CONCEPTIONCONCEPTION TOTO BIRTHBIRTH THE PREGNANT BODY BOOK THE PREGNANT BODY BOOK DR. SARAH BREWER SHAONI BHATTACHARYA DR. JUSTINE DAVIES DR. SHEENA MEREDITH DR. PENNY PRESTON Editorial consultant DR. PAUL MORAN GENETICS 46 THE MOLECULES OF LIFE 48 HOW DNA WORKS 50 PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE 52 GENETIC PROBLEMS AND 54 INVESTIGATIONS THE SCIENCE OF SEX 56 THE EVOLUTION OF SEX 58 ATTRACTIVENESS 62 HUMAN PREGNANCY 6 DESIRE AND AROUSAL 64 THE EVOLUTION OF PREGNANCY 8 THE ACT OF SEX 66 MEDICAL ADVANCES 10 BIRTH CONTROL 68 IMAGING TECHNIQUES 12 GOING INSIDE 14 CONCEPTION TO BIRTH 70 TRIMESTER 1 72 ANATOMY 24 MONTH 1 74 BODY SYSTEMS 26 WEEKS 1–4 74 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 28 MOTHER AND EMBRYO 76 THE PROSTATE GLAND, PENIS, 30 AND TESTES KEY DEVELOPMENTS: MOTHER 78 MALE PUBERTY 31 CONCEPTION 80 HOW SPERM IS MADE 32 FERTILIZATION TO IMPLANTATION 84 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 34 EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 86 THE OVARIES AND FALLOPIAN TUBES 36 SAFETY IN PREGNANCY 88 THE UTERUS, CERVIX, AND VAGINA 40 DIET AND EXERCISE 90 THE BREASTS 42 MONTH 2 92 FEMALE PUBERTY 43 WEEKS 5–8 92 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE 44 MOTHER AND EMBRYO 94 CONTENTS london, new york, melbourne, DESIGNERS Riccie Janus, ILLUSTRATORS munich, and dehli Clare Joyce, Duncan Turner DESIGN ASSISTANT Fiona Macdonald SENIOR EDITOR Peter Frances INDEXER Hilary Bird CREATIVE DIRECTOR Rajeev Doshi SENIOR ART EDITOR Maxine Pedliham SENIOR 3D ARTISTS Rajeev Doshi, Arran Lewis PICTURE RESEARCHERS Myriam Mégharbi, 3D ARTIST Gavin Whelan PROJECT EDITORS Joanna Edwards, Nathan Joyce, Karen VanRoss Lara Maiklem, Nikki Sims ADDITIONAL ILLUSTRATORS PRODUCTION CONTROLLER Erika Pepe Peter Bull Art Studio, Antbits Ltd EDITORS Salima Hirani, Janine McCaffrey, PRODUCTION EDITOR Tony Phipps Miezan van Zyl DVD minimum system requirements MANAGING EDITOR Sarah Larter PC: Windows XP with service pack 2, US EDITOR Jill Hamilton MANAGING ART EDITOR Michelle Baxter Windows Vista, or Windows 7: Intel or AMD processor; soundcard; 24-bit color display; US CONSULTANT Dr. Susan L. Sterlacci ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Liz Wheeler screen resolution 1,024 x 768 RESEARCHER Dr. Rebecca Say ART DIRECTOR Phil Ormerod Macintosh: Mac OS X v10.4; G4, G5, or Intel processor; soundcard; 24-bit color display; PROJECT ART EDITOR Alison Gardner PUBLISHER Jonathan Metcalf screen resolution 1,024 x 768 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: MOTHER 96 TRIMESTER 3 154 POSTNATAL 204 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: EMBRYO 98 MONTH 7 156 DEVELOPMENT MONTH 3 106 WEEKS 27–30 156 RECOVERY AND FEEDING 206 WEEKS 9–12 106 MOTHER AND FETUS 158 THE NEWBORN BABY 208 MOTHER AND FETUS 108 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: MOTHER 160 EARLY RESPONSES AND PROGRESS 210 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: MOTHER 110 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: FETUS 161 THE FIRST TWO YEARS 212 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: FETUS 114 MONTH 8 164 THE SKELETON 118 WEEKS 31–35 166 DISORDERS 214 MOTHER AND FETUS 166 FERTILITY DISORDERS 216 TRIMESTER 2 124 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: MOTHER 168 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS 218 MONTH 4 126 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: FETUS 169 MALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS 222 WEEKS 13–16 126 MONTH 9 170 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED 224 DISEASES MOTHER AND FETUS 128 WEEKS 36–40 170 COMPLICATIONS IN PREGNANCY 226 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: MOTHER 130 MOTHER AND FETUS 172 LABOR AND DELIVERY PROBLEMS 232 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: FETUS 131 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: MOTHER 174 PROBLEMS IN NEWBORNS 234 MONTH 5 134 THE FORMATION OF THE BRAIN 176 PROBLEMS AFFECTING THE 240 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: FETUS 180 WEEKS 17–21 134 MOTHER AFTER DELIVERY MOTHER AND FETUS 136 THE MOTHER’S CHANGING BODY 182 THE FETUS’S CHANGING BODY 184 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: MOTHER 138 GLOSSARY 244 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: FETUS 139 INDEX 250 LABOR 186 MONTH 6 144 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 256 WEEKS 18–26 144 PREPARING FOR BIRTH 188 MOTHER AND FETUS 146 THE FIRST STAGE OF LABOR 190 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: MOTHER 148 THE BIRTH 192 KEY DEVELOPMENTS: FETUS 149 ALTERNATIVE BIRTHS 198 THE FORMATION OF THE 152 AFTER THE BIRTH 200 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ASSISTED BIRTH 202 STATISTICAL SYMBOLS CROWN–RUMP HEART RATE LENGTH CROWN–HEEL The Pregnant Body Book provides information on a wide range of Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Ltd. BLOOD PRESSURE LENGTH medical topics, and every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this book is accurate. The book is not a substitute A catalog record for this book is available for medical advice, however, and you are advised always to consult BLOOD VOLUME WEIGHT from the Library of Congress a physician or other health professional on personal health matters. ISBN 978-0-7566-7559-2 First American Edition, June 2011–179659 BODY SYSTEM SYMBOLS DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premium, SKIN, HAIR, NAILS, Published in the United States by DK Publishing, SKELETAL SYSTEM AND TEETH fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM DK Publishing Special Markets, MUSCULAR SYSTEM 375 Hudson Street, Copyright © 2011 Dorling Kindersley Limited New York 10014 NERVOUS SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM All rights reserved. or Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no [email protected] ENDOCRINE SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means CARDIOVASCULAR REPRODUCTIVE Printed and bound in China by Hung Hing SYSTEM SYSTEM (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without prior written permission of the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. Discover more at www.dk.com RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Just one of the millions of human sperm released By seven weeks, most of the structures, organs, and By 14 weeks, the fetus’s facial features can be seen, will penetrate one egg to create a new life. limbs have already developed in the human fetus. although its head is disproportionately large. HUMAN PREGNANCY The growth of a new life inside a woman’s uterus for the nine months of pregnancy is a truly amazing feat of biology. The creation of life is incredibly complex, and although each pregnancy is unique, some 130 million women worldwide experience its joys and risks each year. The human body is capable of many astonishing things. But one of increases by 20 percent by the third trimester—an extra 15 beats its most intricate, complex, and profound achievements is the ability per minute. Even parts of her immune system will be suppressed to conceive, carry for nine months, and give birth to our helpless yet so her body does not reject the fetus as “foreign.” incredibly formed babies. As well as holding the promise of new life, pregnancy involves so many radical changes that it is little wonder Making babies that we marvel at and cherish the birth of children. Despite modern There is more than one way to have a baby. And all living organisms, concerns about fertility, humans are remarkably fecund. By 2050 we including humans, have evolved to follow one of two strategies. One will have reached a global population of 11 billion if we continue way to is to reproduce in great numbers, and have lots of offspring having children at the present rate. at the same time—this is called “big bang” reproduction. Having lots A pregnant woman’s body adapts in many amazing ways to of babies is extremely energy consuming, and organisms that follow accommodate and nurture the new life growing inside her. Her this strategy may breed just once and then die, such as Pacific ligaments relax and stretch to allow space for her womb to grow, salmon, some butterflies, and some spiders. Many of their offspring and her pelvic joints soften for birth. Her uterus expands from the may perish, but because of their huge numbers, others will survive. size of a small pear to that of a watermelon by the end of pregnancy. The second, less spectacular strategy, is to have only a few babies She produces about 50 percent more blood so there is enough to over a lifetime, but to invest more in each one so each individual is pump around to the uterus and supply the growing fetus with a more likely to survive. This is the strategy that humans follow. It continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients, and her heart rate allows us to bear high-quality babies that thrive with parental care. A male Emperor penguin incubates his egg and The marginated tortoise produces up to three A newborn Lemon shark emerges from its mother fasts while caring for his unborn offspring. clutches of between four and seven eggs a year. while remora fish break and eat the umbilical cord. At 20 weeks, the baby is now growing rapidly. Eyebrows, By 29 weeks, the baby’s face is starting to fill out A healthy baby girl cries moments after being born. Her eyelashes, and hair will have grown by this stage. with fat as its rapid growth and weight gain continue. skin is covered in vernix, which protects against infection. How other animals reproduce the young are ready to hatch, the animal will “give birth” to a clutch As humans we may take pregnancy for granted, but there are many of eggs, which will immediately spawn. Some fish and reptiles, such weird and wonderful ways in which to produce the next generation. as sharks and anacondas, employ this strategy of ovivipary. Some animals simply lay eggs, others carry eggs inside their bodies until they are ready to hatch, and many, like humans, go through Parental duties pregnancy and bear live young. Although we might think that only As soon as an embryo is conceived, the division of labor between birds and lower orders of animals lay eggs, there are even a few mother and father begins.