Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-43138-5 — The Cosmos 5th Edition Frontmatter More Information The Cosmos Astronomy in the New Millennium FIFTH EDITION The Fifth Edition of The Cosmos: Astronomy in the New Millennium provides you with the fundamentals of astronomical knowledge that have been built up over decades, with an expanded discussion of the incredible advances that are now taking place in this fast-paced field, such as New Horizons’ flyby of Pluto, exoplanets, “dark matter,” and the direct detection of gravitational waves by LIGO. Written in a clear and easily understandable style, this textbook has been thoroughly revised to include (among other things) updated data and figures, new images from recent space missions and telescopes, the latest discoveries on supernovae, and new observations of the region around the four-million-solar-mass black hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. Jay M. Pasachoff, Field Memorial Professor of Astronomy at Williams College, teaches the astronomy survey course. He is also Director of the Hopkins Observatory there. He received his undergraduate and grad- uate degrees from Harvard and then had postdoctoral fellowships at the Harvard College Observatory and the California Institute of Technology, where he has also had recent sabbatical leaves. He now has a visiting appointment at the Carnegie Observatories. He has observed 70 solar eclipses. He also studies occultations of stars by Pluto and other objects in the outer Solar System. Pasachoff is Chair of the Working Group on Eclipses of the International Astronomical Union and was Chair of the American Astronomical Society’s Historical Astronomy Division. He is also co-editor of Teaching and Learning Astronomy (2005) and Innovation in Astronomy Education (2008). He received the American Astronomical Society’s Education Prize (2003); the Janssen Prize from the Société Astronomique de France (2012); and the Richtmyer Memorial Lecture Award, American Association of Physics Teachers (2017). Asteroid (5100) Pasachoff is named after him. Alex Filippenko is a Professor of Astronomy, and the Richard & Rhoda Goldman Distinguished Professor in the Physical Sciences, at the University of California, Berkeley. He received his undergraduate degree from the University of California, Santa Barbara (1979) and his doctorate from the California Institute of Technology (1984). His primary areas of research are exploding stars, gamma-ray bursts, active galaxies, black holes, and obser- vational cosmology. Filippenko was the only person to have been a member of both teams that revealed the Nobel-worthy accelerating expansion of the Universe. He is one of the world’s most highly cited astronomers and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (2009). Filippenko has won many prestigious teaching awards, including the Carnegie/CASE National Professor of the Year among doctoral institutions (2006). He has appeared frequently on science newscasts and television documentaries, especially The Universe series. He received the Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization (2004). He enjoys world travel and observing total solar eclipses (16, all successfully). © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-43138-5 — The Cosmos 5th Edition Frontmatter More Information An artist’s conception of two black holes, GW170104, as they merged, similar to the ones detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO). Credit: LIGO/Caltech/MIT/Sonoma State (Aurore Simonnet) © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-43138-5 — The Cosmos 5th Edition Frontmatter More Information The Cosmos Astronomy in the New Millennium FIFTH EDITION Jay M. Pasachoff Williams College, Massachusetts Alex Filippenko University of California, Berkeley © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-43138-5 — The Cosmos 5th Edition Frontmatter More Information University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108431385 © Jay M. Pasachoff and Alex Filippenko 2019 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Fourth edition published in 2013. The previous edition (The Cosmos, 3rd Edition) was published in 2007 by Brooks/Cole Cengage. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, Elcograf S.p.A. A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-108-43138-5 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-43138-5 — The Cosmos 5th Edition Frontmatter More Information Contents Preface xix 1. A Grand Tour of the Heavens 1 2. Light, Matter, and Energy: Powering the Universe 23 3. Light and Telescopes: Extending Our Senses 41 4. Observing the Stars and Planets: Clockwork of the Universe 75 5. Gravitation and Motion: The Early History of Astronomy 107 6. The Terrestrial Planets: Earth, Moon, and Their Relatives 133 7. The Jovian Planets: Windswept Giants 189 8. Pluto, Comets, Asteroids, and Beyond 225 9. Our Solar System and Others 263 10. Our Star: The Sun 289 11. Stars: Distant Suns 317 12. How the Stars Shine: Cosmic Furnaces 357 13. The Death of Stars: Recycling 381 14. Black Holes: The End of Space and Time 415 15. The Milky Way: Our Home in the Universe 447 16. A Universe of Galaxies 479 17. Quasars and Active Galaxies 523 18. Cosmology: The Birth and Life of the Cosmos 553 19. In the Beginning 589 20. Life in the Universe 623 Epilogue 644 Appendix 1/2. Measurement Systems/Basic Constants 645 Appendix 3. Planets and Dwarf Planets 647 Appendix 4. The Brightest Stars 649 Appendix 5. The Nearest Stars 651 Appendix 6. The Messier Catalogue 654 v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-43138-5 — The Cosmos 5th Edition Frontmatter More Information vi Contents Appendix 7. The Constellations 656 Appendix 8. Star Names 658 Selected reading 661 Glossary 668 Index 685 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-43138-5 — The Cosmos 5th Edition Frontmatter More Information Detailed Contents Preface xix 1. A Grand Tour of the Heavens 1 1.1 Peering Through the Universe: A Time Machine 2 1.2 How Do We Study Things We Can’t Touch? 2 Figure It Out 1.1 Keeping Track of Space and Time 3 Figure It Out 1.2 Scientific Notation 3 1.3 Finding Constellations in the Sky 5 1.3a The Autumn Sky 6 Star Party 1.1 Using the Sky Maps 7 1.3b The Winter Sky 9 1.3c The Spring Sky 10 1.3d The Summer Sky 10 1.4 How Do You Take a Tape Measure to the Stars? 11 A Closer Look 1.1 A Sense of Scale: Measuring Distances 12 1.5 The Value of Astronomy 14 1.5a The Grandest Laboratory of All 14 1.5b Origins 15 1.6 What Is Science? 16 1.7 Why Is Science Far Better Than Pseudoscience? 17 2. Light, Matter, and Energy: Powering the Universe 23 2.1 Studying a Star Is Like Looking at a Rainbow 24 Credit: NASA, ESA, and B. Sunnquist J. Mack (STScI). Acknowledgment: NASA, ESA, and J. Lotz (STScI) the HFF Team Figure It Out 2.1 The Nature of Light 24 Asteroid trails, curved because of parallax across an image 2.2 “Blackbodies” and Their Radiation 26 of a cluster of galaxies in Hubble Frontier Field Abell 370. Figure It Out 2.2 Blackbody Radiation and Wien’s Law 26 Figure It Out 2.3 Blackbody Radiation and the 3.5 Amateurs Are Participating 53 Stefan–Boltzmann Law 27 3.6 Glorious Hubble After Initial Trouble 54 2.3 What Are Those Missing Colors and Where Are They? 28 3.7 You Can’t Look at the Sun at Night 56 2.4 The Story Behind the Bohr Atom 30 3.8 How Can You See the Invisible? 57 2.5 The Doppler Effect and Motion 33 3.8a X-ray and Gamma-ray Telescopes 57 Figure It Out 2.4 Temperature Conversions 35 3.8b Telescopes for Ultraviolet Wavelengths 60 3.8c Infrared Telescopes 60 3. Light and Telescopes: Extending Our Senses 41 3.8d Radio Telescopes 62 3.1 The First Telescopes for Astronomy 41 Figure It Out 3.3 Angular Resolution of a 3.2 How Do Telescopes Work? 43 Telescope 63 3.3 Modern Telescopes 46 A Closer Look 3.1 A Night at Maunakea 65 3.3a Current Large Telescopes Around the World 46 3.8e The Major New Radio Projects 66 Figure It Out 3.1 Light-Gathering Power of a Telescope 47 4. Observing the Stars and Planets: Clockwork of the Figure It Out 3.2 Changing Units 47 Universe 75 3.3b The Next Generation of Optical and Infrared 4.1 The Phases of the Moon and Planets 76 Ground-Based Telescopes 51 4.2 Celestial Spectacles: Eclipses 77 3.4 The Big Picture: Mapping the Sky 52 Star Party 4.1 Observing Total Solar Eclipses 80 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-43138-5 — The Cosmos 5th Edition Frontmatter More Information viii Detailed Contents Credit: NASA The James Webb Space Telescope being tested.