Table of Contents Acknowledgments ................................................. xvii Introduction ............................................. xix Who This Book Is For................................................ .xix Finding Your Best Starting Point in This Book............................ xx Conventions and Features in This Book ................................ .xxi Conventions .................................................. .xxi Other Features ................................................ xxii Prerelease Software ................................................. xxii Hardware and Software Requirements ................................ xxii Code Samples ..................................................... .xxiii Installing the Code Samples.................................... .xxiii Using the Code Samples....................................... .xxiii Uninstalling the Code Samples ................................. .xxix Find Additional Content Online....................................... xxx Support for This Book ............................................... xxx Questions and Comments ...................................... xxx Introducing Microsoft Visual C# and Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Welcome to C# ............................................ 3 Beginning Programming with the Visual Studio 2010 Environment......... 3 Writing Your First Program............................................ 8 Using Namespaces.................................................. 14 Creating a Graphical Application...................................... 17 Chapter 1 Quick Reference........................................... 26 Working with Variables, Operators, and Expressions............ 27 Understanding Statements........................................... 27 Using Identifiers .................................................... 28 Identifying Keywords .......................................... 28 Using Variables ..................................................... 29 Naming Variables.............................................. 30 Declaring Variables ............................................ 30 Working with Primitive Data Types.................................... 31 Unassigned Local Variables ..................................... 32 Displaying Primitive Data Type Values ............................ 32 Using Arithmetic Operators .......................................... 36 Operators and Types ........................................... 37 Examining Arithmetic Operators................................. 38 Controlling Precedence......................................... 41 Using Associativity to Evaluate Expressions ....................... 42 Associativity and the Assignment Operator ....................... 42 Incrementing and Decrementing Variables............................. 43 Prefix and Postfix .............................................. 44 Declaring Implicitly Typed Local Variables.............................. 45 Chapter 2 Quick Reference........................................... 46 Writing Methods and Applying Scope........................ 47 Creating Methods .................................................. 47 Declaring a Method............................................ 48 Returning Data from a Method.................................. 49 Calling Methods............................................... 51 MSP_Sampler_Front_Matter_7.38_9.pdf 1 4/22/10 4:34 PM Microsoft Press Ebooks—Your bookshelf on your devices! You can now purchase Microsoft Press ebooks from O'Reilly Media. When you buy ebooks through oreilly.com you get lifetime access to the book, and whenever possible we provide it to you in four, DRM-free file formats—PDF, .epub, Kindle-compatible .mobi, and Android .apk—that you can use on the devices of your choice. Our ebook files are fully searchable and you can cut-and-paste and print them. We also alert you when we’ve updated the files with corrections and additions. Learn more at http://oreilly.com/ebooks/ Buy 2 books, get the 3rd FREE! Use discount code: OPC10 You can also purchase Microsoft Press ebooks through iTunes, the Android Marketplace, and Amazon.com. Spreading the knowledge of innovators oreilly.com PUBLISHED BY Microsoft Press A Division of Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, Washington 98052-6399 Copyright © 2010 by John Sharp All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Control Number: 2009939912 Printed and bound in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT 5 4 3 2 1 0 Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further infor mation about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress. Send comments to [email protected]. Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Excel, IntelliSense, Internet Explorer, Jscript, MS, MSDN, SQL Server, Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual C++, Visual Studio, Win32, Windows, and Windows Vista are either registered trademarks or trademarks of the Microsoft group of companies. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred. This book expresses the author’s views and opinions. The information contained in this book is provided without any express, statutory, or implied warranties. Neither the authors, Microsoft Corporation, nor its resellers, or distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused either directly or indirectly by this book. Acquisitions Editor: Ben Ryan Developmental Editor: Devon Musgrave Project Editor: Rosemary Caperton Editorial Production: Waypoint Press, www.waypointpress.com Technical Reviewer: Per Blomqvist; Technical Review services provided by Content Master, a member of CM Group, Ltd. Cover: Tom Draper Design Body Part No. X16-81630 Table of Contents Acknowledgments . xvii Introduction . .xix Part I . Introducing .Microsoft .Visual .C# .and .Microsoft . Visual .Studio .2010 . 1 Welcome to C# . 3 Beginning Programming with the Visual Studio 2010 Environment . 3 Writing Your First Program . 8 Using Namespaces . 14 Creating a Graphical Application . 17 Chapter 1 Quick Reference . 26 . 2 Working with Variables, Operators, and Expressions . 27 Understanding Statements . 27 Using Identifiers . 28 Identifying Keywords . 28 Using Variables . 29 Naming Variables . 30 Declaring Variables . 30 Working with Primitive Data Types . 31 Unassigned Local Variables . 32 Displaying Primitive Data Type Values . 32 Using Arithmetic Operators . 36 Operators and Types . 37 Examining Arithmetic Operators . 38 Controlling Precedence . 41 Using Associativity to Evaluate Expressions . 42 Associativity and the Assignment Operator . 42 What do you think of this book? We want to hear from you! Microsoft is interested in hearing your feedback so we can continually improve our books and learning resources for you. To participate in a brief online survey, please visit: www.microsoft.com/learning/booksurvey/ . v vi Table of Contents Incrementing and Decrementing Variables . 43 Prefix and Postfix . 44 Declaring Implicitly Typed Local Variables . 45 Chapter 2 Quick Reference . 46 . 3 Writing Methods and Applying Scope . 47 Creating Methods . 47 Declaring a Method . 48 Returning Data from a Method . 49 Calling Methods . 51 Specifying the Method Call Syntax . 51 Applying Scope . 53 Defining Local Scope . 54 Defining Class Scope . 54 Overloading Methods . 55 Writing Methods . 56 Using Optional Parameters and Named Arguments . 64 Defining Optional Parameters . 65 Passing Named Arguments . 66 Resolving Ambiguities with Optional Parameters and Named Arguments . 66 Chapter 3 Quick Reference . 72 . 4 Using Decision Statements . 73 Declaring Boolean Variables . 73 Using Boolean Operators . 74 Understanding Equality and Relational Operators . 74 Understanding Conditional Logical Operators . 75 Short-Circuiting . 76 Summarizing Operator Precedence and Associativity . 76 Using if Statements to Make Decisions . 77 Understanding if Statement Syntax . 77 Using Blocks to Group Statements . 78 Cascading if Statements . 79 Using switch Statements . 84 Understanding switch Statement Syntax . 85 Following the switch Statement Rules . 86 Chapter 4 Quick Reference . 89 Table of Contents vii . 5 Using Compound Assignment and Iteration Statements . 91 Using Compound Assignment Operators . 91 Writing while Statements . 92 Writing for Statements . 97 Understanding for Statement Scope . 98 Writing do Statements . 99 Chapter 5 Quick Reference . 108 . 6 Managing Errors and Exceptions . 109 Coping with Errors . 109 Trying Code and Catching Exceptions . 110 Unhandled Exceptions . 111 Using Multiple catch Handlers . 112 Catching Multiple Exceptions . 113 Using Checked and Unchecked Integer Arithmetic . 118 Writing Checked Statements . 118 Writing Checked Expressions . 119 Throwing Exceptions . 121 Using a finally Block . 124 Chapter 6 Quick Reference . 126 Part II