CHAPTER 13 Instruction and Intervention Support Light and Reflection 1 Core Instruction Chapter Resources ■ The Teacher’s Edition wrap has extensive teaching support for every lesson, including Misconception Alerts, Teach from Visuals, Demonstrations, Teaching Tips, Differentiated Instruction, and Problem Solving. ■ Several additional presentation tools are available online for every chapter, including Animated Physics features, Interactive Whiteboard activities, and Visual Concepts. Labs and Demonstrations Section Instruction Go Online for Materials Lists and Solutions Lists. ■ Textbook: Characteristics of Light ■ Demonstrations: Infrared Light • Radio Waves • How Light Travels 13.1 Visual Concepts: Characteristics of a Wave • Electromagnetic ■ Lab: Light and Mirrors Waves • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Brightness and Distance ■ Lab: Brightness of Light (Core Skill) from a Light Source ■ Lab: Brightness of Light (Probeware) Teaching Visuals: Components of an Electromagnetic Wave • The Electromagnetic Spectrum • Predicting Wave Front Position Using Huygens’s Principle PowerPresentations ■ Textbook: Flat Mirrors ■ Demonstrations: Diffuse Reflection • Specular Reflection • 13.2 Visual Concepts: Reflection • Comparing Specular and Flat Mirror Images Diffuse Reflections • Angle of Incidence and Angle of Reflection • Comparing Real and Virtual Images Teaching Visuals: Image Formation by a Flat Mirror PowerPresentations ■ Textbook: Curved Mirrors ■ Demonstrations: Image Formed by a Concave Mirror • Focal Point 13.3 Animated Physics: Curved Mirrors of a Concave Mirror • Beams Reflected from a Concave Mirror • Visual Concepts: Comparing Concave, Convex, and Plane Convex Mirror Mirrors • Focal Point • Sign Conventions for Magnification • ■ Lab: Curved Mirrors (STEM) Rules for Drawing Reference Rays for Mirrors • Ray Tracing for a ■ QuickLab: Curved Mirrors Concave Spherical Mirror • Ray Tracing for a Convex Spherical Mirror • Sign Conventions for Mirrors • Reflecting Telescope Teaching Visuals: Image Formation by a Concave Spherical Mirror • Images Created by Concave Mirrors • Image Formation by a Convex Spherical Mirror • Spherical Aberration and Parabolic Mirrors • Sign Conventions and Rules for Drawing Reference Rays • Sign Conventions for Mirrors PowerPresentations ■ Textbook: Color and Polarization ■ Demonstrations: Reflection and Absorption of Color • Polarizing 13.4 Visual Concepts: Additive Color Mixing • Pixel • Subtractive Light by Transmission • Transmitting Light with Crossed Polarizers • Color Mixing • Linearly Polarized Light • Polarization Through Polarizing Light by Reflection Transmission • Polarization by Reflecting and Scattering ■ QuickLab: Polarization of Sunlight Teaching Visuals: Additive and Subtractive Primary Colors • ■ Lab: Polarization of Light (Probeware) Aligned and Crossed Polarizing Filters • Polarization of Light by Transmission, Reflection, and Scattering PowerPresentations 440A Chapter 13 PREMIUM Content Find all of your resources online at HMDScience.com. 2 Support and Intervention 3 Specialized Support ■ Study Guide ■ Chapter Summary Audio Files Concept Maps ■ Differentiated Instruction: Inclusion, Below Level, and ■ Scientific Reasoning Skill Builder English Learners (TE wrap) Interactive Demos Sample Problem Set I Sample Problem Set II Where do I find it? PRINT DVD ONLINE Enrichment and Challenge Animated Physics ■ ■ Demonstrations (TE wrap) ■ ■ ■ Differentiated Instruction: Pre-AP (TE wrap) Labs ■ ■ Power Presentations ■ ■ QuickLabs ■ ■ ■ Teaching Visuals ■ ■ Textbook ■ ■ ■ Visual Concepts ■ ■ Interactive Demos ■ ■ Concept Maps ■ ■ Sample Problem Set I ■ ■ Sample Problem Set II ■ ■ Scientific Reasoning Skill Builder ■ ■ Assessment Study Guide ■ ■ ■ Section Quizzes Chapter Summary Audio Files ■ ■ ■ Chapter Tests A and B Differentiated Instruction (TE wrap) ■ ■ Alternative Assessment (SE) Online Assessment and Remediation ■ ExamView Banks Light and Reflection 440B CHAPTER 13 The Very Large Array, located near Socorro, New Mexico, consists of 27 radio antennas, each 25 meters in diameter. These antennas detect electromagnetic radiation in the Chapter Overview radio and microwave regions of the spectrum. The dish of a radio Section 1 identifies the components of telescope reflects the radio waves the electromagnetic spectrum, relates and focuses the rays at the receiver their frequency and wavelength to the poised above the dish. speed of light, and introduces the relationship between brightness and distance for a light source. Section 2 applies the laws of reflection to plane mirrors and uses ray diagrams to determine image location. Section 3 shows how image location and magnification are calculated for concave and convex mirrors, uses ray diagrams to confirm calculated results, and explains spherical aberration. Section 4 investigates additive and subtractive colors and explores the phenomenon of polarization. About the Image The Very Large Array (VLA) is part of a project called the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). Radio astronomy is used to produce images of celestial bodies. A number of celestial objects emit more strongly at radio wavelengths than at those of visible light. The VLA is used to study both distant celestial objects as well as closer objects, like our sun. ©Laurence Parent Lab 440Preview The following investigations support the DEMONSTRATIONS concepts presented in this chapter. Untitled-280 440 Infrared Light 5/20/2011 6:21:20 AM LABS Radio Waves Light and Mirrors Diffuse Reflection Brightness of Light (Core Skill) Specular Reflection Curved Mirrors (STEM) Flat Mirror Images Polarization of Light (Probeware) Image Formed by a Concave Mirror Focal Point of a Concave Mirror QUICKLABS Beams Reflected from a Concave Mirror Curved Mirrors Polarizing by Transmission Polarization of Sunlight 440 Chapter 13 CHAPTER 13 SECTION 1 Characteristics of Light SECTION 2 Focus and Motivate Light and Flat Mirrors SECTION 3 Activate Prior Curved Mirrors Knowledge SECTION 4 KNowlEDGE TO REVIEW Re ection Color and • Waves transport energy. They can be Polarization transverse or longitudinal. Waves have amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and velocity. Why It Matters ITEMS TO PROBE Mirrors have many • The ability to describe spatial applications both for relationships in geometric scientists and in everyday life. For example, a terms: Make sure students understand reflector telescope uses terms such as perpendicular and two mirrors to gather, focus, and reflect light parallel and can solve equations of onto the eyepiece. the form The reflector telescope 1 1 1 _ + _ = _ . remains one of the ( A) ( B) ( C) most popular designs used by amateur • Preconceptions about light: Ask astronomers, even students to describe the path of sound though it was invented over 300 years ago. waves when they hear something and the path of light rays when they see an object. ONLINE Physics HMDScience.com ONLINE LABS Light and Mirrors PREMIUM Brightness of Light CONTENT Designing a Device to Trace Physics Drawings HMDScience.com Polarization of Light Curved Mirrors ©Laurence Parent Why It Matters 441 CONNECTING TO HISTORY piece. This design concept is still very popular; however, today’s mirrors are much larger and are Untitled-280 441 Dark pools of water or other natural reflective 5/20/2011 6:21:28 AM surfaces such as polished stone gave rise to the often manufactured in special labs at large invention of mirrors. What began as a tool for research universities. reflecting peoples’ appearance now has many After briefly explaining this history to practical and even scientific uses. As early as the students, ask them if they are aware of other seventeenth century, scientists such as Isaac uses of mirrors. Discuss with them whether the Newton and Laurent Cassegrain began experi- mirrors are necessary or not. For instance, a car menting with mirrors to develop reflector can be driven without rear or side-view mirrors, telescopes, which work by using two mirrors to but not as safely. gather, focus, and reflect light onto the eye- Light and Reflection 441 SECTION 1 SECTION 1 Objectives Plan and Prepare Identify the components of the Characteristics of electromagnetic spectrum. Preview Vocabulary Calculate the frequency or Light wavelength of electromagnetic Scientific Meanings Students may have radiation. heard the descriptor electromagnetic Recognize that light has Key Term referred to as the force that causes a finite speed. electromagnetic wave interaction between electrically charged Describe how the brightness particles. Emphasize that electromag- of a light source is affected Electromagnetic Waves netic energy is light energy that travels by distance. When most people think of light, they think of the light that they can see. in waves, and then relate this to the Some examples include the bright, white light that is produced by a light definition of electromagnetic waves. bulb or the sun. However, there is more to light than these examples. When you hold a piece of green plastic in front of a source of white light, you see green light pass through. This phenomenon is also true for other colors. What your eyes recognize as “white” light is actually light that can be separated into six elementary colors of the visible spectrum: red, Teach orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. If you examine a glass prism, such as the one in Figure 1.1, or any thick, triangular-shaped piece of glass, you will see sunlight pass through the glass and emerge as a band of colors. Demonstration The spectrum includes more than