Volumes in This Series Reports 1. A Survey of Sardis and the Major Monuments Outside the City Walls, by George M. A. Hanfmann and Jane C. Waldbaum (1975) Monographs 1. Byzantine Coins, by George E. Bates (1971) 2. Ancient Literary Sources on Sardis, by John G. Pedley (1972) 3. Neue epichorische Schriftzeugnisse aus Sardis, by Roberto Gusmani (1975) 4. Byzantine and Turkish Sardis, by Clive Foss (1976) ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATI ON Fogg Art Museum of Harvard University OF SARDIS Cornell University Coming Museum of Glass Sponsored by the American Schools of Oriental Research General Editors George M. A. Hanfmann and Stephen W. Jacobs Report 1 A SURVEY OF George M. A. Hanfmann o/vppvio and Jane C. Waldbaum AND THE MAJOR MONUMENTS OUTSIDE THE CITY WALLS .. .. with contributions by David Van Zanten, Stuart L. Carter, Clive Foss, Ruth S. Thomas, Kenneth J. Frazer, Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England 1975 Copyright © 1975 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Archaeological Exploration of Sardis. A survey of Sardis and the major monuments outside the city walls. (Report—Archaeological Exploration of Sardis ; 1) Includes indexes. 1. Sardis—Antiquities. I. Hanfmann, George Maxim Anossov, 1911- II. Waldbaum, Jane C, 1940- III. Title. IV. Series: Archaeological Exploration of Sardis. Report- Archaeological Exploration of Sardis. DS156.S3A8 1975 939.2'2 75-17973 ISBN 0-674-85751-8 CONTENTS PREFACE vii Technical Abbreviations x I ASURVEYOFSARDIS 1 George M. A. Hanfmann, Stuart L. Carter, and Jane C. Waldbaum II REGIONAL SETTING AND URBAN 17 DEVELOPMENT Clive Foss and George M. A. Hanfmann III THE CITY WALLS 35 David Van Zanten, Ruth S. Thomas, and George M. A. Hanfmann IV THE ARTEMIS PRECINCT 53 George M. A. Hanfmann and Kenneth J. Frazer V THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS: 74 NEW SOUNDINGS George M. A. Hanfmann and Kenneth J. Frazer VI THE ARTEMIS ALTARS LA 1 88 AND LA 2 Kenneth J. Frazer and George M. A. Hanfmann VII EXCAVATIONS ON THE SOUTH 104 SIDE OF THE ARTEMIS TEMPLE George M. A. Hanfmann and Jane C. Waldbaum VIII THE AREA NORTHEAST OF THE ARTEMIS PRECINCT Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr., and Jane C. Waldbaum IX THE ROMAN BATH CG: SITE, 129 PLAN, AND DESCRIPTION Jane C. Waldbaum and George M. A. Hanfmann X THE ROMAN BATH CG: 151 CONSTRUCTION AND DECORATION Jane C. Waldbaum and George M. A. Hanfmann Notes to the Text 169 Bibliography and Abbreviations 189 Concordance of Finds 195 Index 199 Illustrations PREFACE This is the first of the final reports on the work Harvard University, served as Assistant Directors; of the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis from Greenewalt also served as Field Director in 1973 1958 to 1973.1 The Archaeological Exploration and 1974. Gustavus F. Swift, Jr., University of of Sardis had its inception in 1955, when the Chicago, acted as Administrative Financial Officer Bollingen Foundation of New York agreed to (1960-1968). In the field, Kenneth J. Frazer consider a proposal by George M. A. Hanfmann, (1963-1972) was first Administrative Assistant, then Professor of Fine Arts, Harvard University, to then General Manager (as well as architect), and resume excavations at Sardis in 1958 on behalf of Giilercan Ugurluer was Administrative Assistant the Fogg Art Museum of Harvard University. from 1972 to 1974. As recorder and informal Cornell University joined the endeavor upon the supervisor of the camp, Ilse Hanfmann made an initiative of Albert Henry Detweiler, then President essential contribution to the organization of the of the American Schools of Oriental Research and project (1958-1971). Through 1974, 145 Ameri­ Professor of Architecture at Cornell. Previously, can specialists and students as well as 65 Turkish the American Society for the Excavation of Sardis scholars, students, and assistants and 14 partici­ had sent an expedition from 1910 to 1914 under pants from other countries have taken part in the Howard Crosby Butler of Princeton University, excavations. An informal account of the develop­ and again under T. L. Shear in 1922. The new ment of the project from 1957-1971 is found in Sardis program was sponsored by the American Letters from Sardis (1972) where a complete list Schools of Oriental Research, which consented to of participants is given. act as recipients from 1958-1968 of Bollingen and A special research facility at Harvard was Old Dominion Foundation grants.2 established in 1968 with Jane A. Scott as super­ Since 1957 G. M. A. Hanfmann has guided the visor; architectural records are maintained at the project, first as Field Director and later as Director. College of Architecture at Cornell under the guid­ A. H. Detweiler was Field Advisor (1958), then ance of S. W. Jacobs. Associate Director (1959-1970) of the Sardis From 1960 to 1972 the Corning Museum of project. With Detweiler's untimely death in 1970, Glass was a participant, providing annual grants. Stephen W. Jacobs assumed the duties of Associate Axel von Saldern, then Curator (1960, 1968), Director. At Harvard the Fogg Art Museum is R. H. Brill, Administrator of Scientific Research responsible for the project and at Cornell the (1962, 1964), and Paul Perrot (1964), then Direc­ College of Architecture (later College of Architec­ tor, worked at Sardis on the ancient and Byzantine ture, Art, and Planning) is the principal interested glass. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology division. Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr., University participated from 1962 to 1964 in a project carried of California, Berkeley, and David G. Mitten, on by David Greenewalt, who investigated the application of geophysics to archaeological prob­ 1. Contrary to an earlier announcement (Sardis Ml [1971] v) these comprehensive reports will be referred to as Sardis Rl, R2, lems. and so on, rather than Sardis 21. Our greatest debt is to our host country, whose 2. In 1969 a policy change terminated all direct sponsorship of field work by the Schools. historical heritage we are privileged to study. In Preface VIII 1957 the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Throughout the work of the expedition, the Turkey issued the permit for the Harvard-Cornell several Consuls and Consuls General of the United excavations at Sardis. The Sardis program then States Consulate in Izmir and their staffs were of prospered under the administrative care of the great assistance to the expedition. The United Department of Antiquities and Museums of the States Embassy in Ankara was always helpful, Ministry of National Education (until 1970), especially in connection with administration of thereafter under the Ministry of the Prime Minister, the grant made by the Department of State under and since 1974 under the Ministry of Culture. We Public Law 480 (No. SCC 29 543) from 1962 to are grateful to the Department of Antiquities and 1966. Museums who shared some of the initial costs for The expedition was started with grants by camp construction and to the Special Trust Com­ private foundations and contributions by individual mission for administering grants from the Depart­ donors. Grants have been received from the ment of Antiquities and Museums used in restoring Bollingen Foundation (1959-1965), Old Domin­ the Roman Gymnasium complex (1965-1973). ion Foundation (1966-1968), Loeb Classical We are greatly indebted to the successive Directors Library Foundation (1965-1970), Memorial General and Associate and Assistant Directors of Foundation for Jewish Culture (made in 1966), the Department and their staff for their help and Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological understanding. The present Director General Research (1967), the Billy Rose Foundation (1970- Hikmet Giircay has been a valued friend of the 1974), and the Charles E. Merrill Trust (1973). project for many years. Cornell University contributed university funds The Director of the Manisa Museum, Kemal from 1958 to 1967. The Ford Foundation gave a Ziya Polatkan, aided the expedition from its grant for the training of students (1968-1972) beginnings in many ways. He served as Government through Cornell University. Several private dona­ Representative (Commissioner) from 1958 to tions were received through the American Schools 1965. We are also greatly indebted to his successors of Oriental Research. The major continuing support as Government Representatives, Musa Baran, has come from an informal group known as the Osman Aksoy, Giildem Yugriim, and Attila Tulga Supporters of Sardis, which includes individuals for their unfailing help. and many smaller foundations. The faith of our In Ankara the Institute for Palaeoanthropology, leading supporters, notably Mrs. George C. Keiser, first under Muzaffer §enyiirek (1958-1960; died Nanette B. Rodney, Mrs. J. W. Totten, Alice Tully, 1960), then Enver Bostanci (1962-1971) was J. B. Elliott, T. B. Lemann, and Norbert Schimmel, responsible for study and conservation of human has encouraged us to meet many challenges during skeletal material. The Veterinary Faculty of the these years. University of Ankara, with Professor Sabri Doguer We take this opportunity to express the gratitude leading a team of six experts, undertook the study of the Sardis program to the successive Presidents of animal bones found from 1958 to 1965. In and Deans of Harvard and Cornell Universities 1962 and 1963 M. Saydamer of the Institute for and to the Presidents and officers of the several Mineral Research, Ankara, shared with us the foundations for their furtherance of our work. results of his study of the alluvia of the Pactolus. For sustained personal interest in Sardis we are Other Turkish collaborating institutions from especially grateful to John D. Barrett and Ernest 1968 to 1970 have included the Geological Depart­ J. Brooks of the Bollingen and Old Dominion ment of Ege University (E. Izdar, R. Ardos, H. Foundations and to James R.