Revue Africaine de Sociologie Un périodique semestriel de Conseil pour le Développement de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales en Afrique (CODESRIA) (Incorporant le South African Sociological Review) Rédacteurs en Chef: Olajide Oloyede Jean-Bernard Ouedraogo Elisio Macamo Dept. of Anthropology and Sociology, Université de Ouagadougou, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungssoziologie University of the Western Cape, Burkina Faso Universität Bayreuth Private Bag X17, Bellville, [email protected] 95440 Bayreuth, Deutschland Cape Town, South Africa GWII, Zr. 2.24, Germany Tel: +2721959 3346; Tel. +49 921 55 4207 Cell: 0820541962 Fax. +49 921 55 4118 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Onalenna Selolwane Tel: 267-355-2758 Fax: 267-318-5099 Mobile: 267-71555321 E-mail: [email protected] Comité de Rédaction: Slaheddine Ben Frej, Tunisienne des Sociologues (ATS), Tunisie Ifi Amadiume, Dartmouth College, USA Gbein Paul N’da , Ecole Normale Supérieure, Abijan, Côte d’Ivoire Jimi O. Adesina, Rhodes University, Republic of South Africa. Olayiwola Erinosho, Social Science Academy of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria Rudebeck Lars Edward Axel, Uppsala University, Sweden Ben Magubane, South African Democracy Education Trust (SADET), Pretoria, South Africa Adama Ba Konaré, Bureau de l’Ancien Président, Niaréla, Bamako / Mali Ali El Kenz, Université de Nantes, France Alfred Babatunde Zack-Williams, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, Harri Englund, Free School Lane, Cambridge, United Kingdom Dzodzi Tsikata (PhD), University of Ghana, Ghana Jean-Ferdinand Mbah, Université Omar Bongo, Gabon Alcinda Honwana , The Open University , United Kingdom Elizabeth Annan Yao, Iford, Cameroun Fred Hendricks, Rhodes University, South Africa Winnie Mitullah, University of Nairobi, Kenya Jean Copans, Université René Descartes, Paris V, France Bawa Yamba, Diakonhjemmet College, Norway Carlos Lopes, New York, USA La Revue Africaine de Sociologie est une publication semestriel du CODESRIA à Dakar, au Sénégal. On accepte tout article des chercheurs africains et non-africains concernant la problématique des analyses sociales de ce continent et en général. La Revue axiste d’abord comme support pour l’extension de la pensée sociologique et anthropoloque entre les chercheurs en Afrique. Tout travail pertinent venant de l’extérieur du continent est néanmoins aussi considéré. Des contributions ou en français sont acceptées. Toute contribution doit être envoyée au: Abonnements: Olajide Oloyede Subscriptions Dept. of Anthropology and Sociology African Sociological Review University of the Western Cape Dept. of Anthropology and Sociology Private Bag X17, Bellville University of the Western Cape Cape Town, South Africa Private Bag X17, Bellville Tel: +27(21)959 2336 Cape Town, South Africa Fax: +27(21) 959 2830 E-mail: [email protected] De l’Afrique D’Ailleurs 1. Individus R50 $50 2. Institutions africaines R80 $80 African Sociological Review/Revue Africaine Sociologie Vol 18 1 2014 Contents/Sommaire Editorial 1 General Issues The Politics of ‘Hope and Despair’: Generational Dimensions to Igbo Nationalism in Post-War Nigeria 2 Godwin Onuoha Religious Citizenship:The Case of the Globalised Khoja 27 Iqbal S. Akhtar African Agency: The Case Studies of the APRM and Africa’s Agenda 49 Roseline Achieng Research Papers Students perceiving risk: a qualitative assessment on three South African Campuses 65 Asta Rau, Sarah Radloff, Jan Coetzee, Carlo Nardi, Ria smit and Sethulego Z. Matebesi Deprivation, HIV and AIDS in Northern Uganda 91 Peter Rwagara Atekyereza Le coupé décalé en Côte d’Ivoire : Sens et enjeux d’un succès musical 112 Franck Gawa An Investigation into the Factors impacting on Exports from South Africa to the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) 127 Collin Fish, Chris Adendorff and Kobus Jonker Book Review Agony in Nation-State Building. Review of Citizenship between Empire and Nation: Rethinking France and French Africa 1945-1960, Frederick Cooper 149 Olajide Oloyede AFRICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW VOL. 17 2 2013 1 EDITORIAL: The study of risky or risk-seeking behaviour of young people, generally, has increased tremendously, especially, since the past ten years. This followed the attention and interest in the light of what effectively was increased reporting of anti-social behaviour in most countries in Europe, and, in the United States and continued concern about young people’s health in many countries in Africa because of the spread of HIV/AIDS. As most of the studies show, risky behaviour is not only an expression of personal preferences but also has a symbolic meaning and may be a source of personal gratification and enjoyment. Lyng (2008)1, notes that risky behaviour as enjoyment has originally been studied in the context of extreme sports, but this perspective has since evolved to cover everyday activities and decisions such as occupational choices and drug taking. From this perspective, risky behaviour is driven by the need for excitement in light of an otherwise routine life, which offers little gratification outside self-constructed leisure time. Another perspective is that risky behaviour is a source of social prestige and recognition. Social recognition, has, as a matter of course, long been considered to be an essential aspect of risky behaviour among young people who are seeking acceptance by their peers and or recognition into peer groups, most notably imitative behaviour as suggested by Coleman and Carter (2005).2 The related research of how risk is perceived has similarly seen a surge with large volumes of such reseach validating Beck’s claim that in late modernit, there is increasing individualisation and people’s perception of risk. Numerous studies of risk perception among young people show that significant in this regard are peer prusure and what are considered desirable and acceptable norms. Taking a cue frm this, the study by Asta Rau, Sarah Radloff, Jan K. Coetzee, Carlo Nardi, Ria Smit and Sethulego Z. Matebesi documents risk as perceived by students in three South African universities—it focuses on risk encountered in everyday choices such as sexual behaviour, alcohol use and freedom of association. The study builds upon a previous qualitative research conducted over two years (2008-2009) among Rhodes University (RU) Sociology students. A second—quantitative—phase began in 2010 when findings from the initial phase were used to guide students in designing and piloting a questionnaire. The question they asked is: To what degree do South African students from three different universities regard as being part of their lifeworlds risks associated with heavy drinking, sexual behaviours, racism, financial pressure and academic performance? In conclusion, they argue that post-apartheid South Africa is not different from other societies in late modernity where risk is seen as an ever-present reality that transcends social and geographical boundaries. This resonated in the perceptions of the young adults who participated in the study Olajide Oloyede Managing Editor (Endnotes) 1 Lyng, S (2008) Edgework, risk and uncertainty. In J. O. Zinn, Social Theories of Risk and Uncertainty: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 2 Coleman, L. and Carter, S. (2005) Underage ‘risky’ drinking: motivations and outcomes York: Rowntree Foundation 2 AFRICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW VOL 18 1 2014 The Politics of ‘Hope’ and ‘Despair’: Generational Dimensions to Igbo Nationalism in Post-Civil War Nigeria Godwin Onuoha Princeton Institute for International and Religious Studies (PIIRS) Princeton University Email: [email protected] Abstract: This paper examines the concept of “generations” as one of the key features of contemporary Igbo nationalism, and as one that has received relatively less or no attention in the literature on post-civil war Igbo nationalism in Nigeria. Drawing on the activities of Ohanaeze Ndi Igbo- the apex socio-political group in Igboland- and the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) - a second-generation Igbo nationalist movement- this article examines the dynamics of generational tensions between youth-led and elite-led Igbo groups in Igboland. On the one hand, the political agency of Ohanaeze Ndi Igbo is traced genealogically to the imperatives of the patrimonial politics of the Nigerian state, the need to play the “politics of the centre” and re-integrate the Igbo into mainstream politics in the post- civil war era. On the other hand, the MASSOB project is rooted in the aborted secessionist war for Igbo self-determination between 1967 and 1970. It rejects a state-led process, seeks the realignment of the generational balance of power, and ultimately, an exit of the Igbo ethnic group into an alternative political and administrative arrangement. These generational differences and tensions offer insights into the transformation of local politics and the changing configurations of power and authority in present day Igboland, one that pits an emergent youth movement against an enduring Igbo establishment within the broader context of ethnic identity politics in Nigeria. Key Words: Nationalism, Igbo, War, patrimonial politics, Biafra, Nigeria, Generational differences Résumé: Cet article examine le concept de «générations» comme l’une des principales caractéristiques du nationalisme contemporain Igbo, et que celui qui a reçu relativement peu ou pas d’attention dans la littérature est l’après-guerre civile Igbo nationalisme au Nigeria. S’appuyant sur les activités de