Design & Construction of Road Tunnels: Part 4 Obstacles and Mitigation Ezekiel Enterprises, LLC Design and Construction of Road Tunnels: Part 4 Obstacles and Mitigation Five (5) Continuing Education Hours Course #CV7054 Approved Continuing Education for Licensed Professional Engineers EZ-pdh.com Ezekiel Enterprises, LLC 301 Mission Dr. Unit 571 New Smyrna Beach, FL 32170 800-433-1487 [email protected] Design & Construction of Road Tunnels: Part 4 Obstacles and Mitigation Ezekiel Enterprises, LLC Course Description: The Design and Construction of Road Tunnels: Part 4 Obstacles and Mitigation course satisfies five (5) hours of professional development. The course is designed as a distance learning course that enables the practicing professional engineer to identify and handle many of the hurdles encountered during tunnel construction. Objectives: The primary objective of this course is enable the student to understand the reasons and methods to consider regarding seismic activity in the design process. The concepts of mined/bored tunnel construction engineering. Also, how to monitor the performance of the tunnel construction process, and how to identify, characterize and repair tunnels. Grading: Students must achieve a minimum score of 70% on the online quiz to pass this course. The quiz may be taken as many times as necessary to successful pass and complete the course. A copy of the quiz questions are attached to last pages of this document. Design and Construction of Road Tunnels: Part 4 Obstacles and Mitigations Ezekiel Enterprises, LLC TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 13 - SEISMIC CONSIDERATIONS ...............................................................................13-1 13.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................13-1 13.2 DETERMINATION OF SEISMIC ENVIRONMENT ..........................................................13-1 13.2.1 Earthquake Fundamental ......................................................................................................13-1 13.2.2 Ground Motion Hazard Analysis..........................................................................................13-7 13.2.3 Ground Motion Parameters ................................................................................................13-11 13.3 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TUNNEL SEISMIC PERFORMANCE .........................13-14 13.3.1 Seismic Hazard ...................................................................................................................13-14 13.3.2 Geologic Conditions ...........................................................................................................13-15 13.3.3 Tunnel Design, Construction, and Condition .....................................................................13-15 13.4 SEISMIC PERFORMANCE AND SCREENING GUIDELINES OF TUNNELS .............13-16 13.4.1 Screening Guidelines Applicable to All Types of Tunnels ................................................13-16 13.4.2 Additional Screening Guidelines for Bored Tunnels .........................................................13-16 13.4.3 Additional Screening Guidelines for Cut-and-Cover Tunnels ...........................................13-19 13.4.4 Additional Screening Guidelines for Immersed Tubes ......................................................13-21 13.5 SEISMIC EVALUATION PROCEDURES - GROUND SHAKING EFFECTS................13-21 13.5.1 Evaluation of Transverse Ovaling/Racking Response of Tunnel Structures......................13-22 13.5.2 Evaluation of Longitudinal Response of Tunnel Structures...............................................13-41 13.5.2.2 Procedure Accounting for Soil-Structure Interaction Effects ......................................13-43 13.6 SEISMIC EVALUATION PROCEDURES - GROUND FAILURE EFFECTS .................13-45 13.6.1 Evaluation for Fault Rupture..............................................................................................13-45 13.6.2 Evaluation for Landsliding or Liquefaction .......................................................................13-50 i Design and Construction of Road Tunnels: Part 4 Obstacles and Mitigations Ezekiel Enterprises, LLC CHAPTER 14 - TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING ......................................................14-1 14.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................14-1 14.2 CONSTRUCTABILITY ........................................................................................................14-2 14.3 CONSTRUCTION STAGING AND SEQUENCING ...........................................................14-3 14.3.1 Construction Staging ............................................................................................................14-3 14.3.2 Construction Sequencing......................................................................................................14-4 14.4 MUCKING AND DISPOSAL ...............................................................................................14-5 14.5 HEALTH & SAFETY ............................................................................................................14-8 14.6 COST DRIVERS AND ELEMENTS ..................................................................................14-11 14.6.1 Physical Costs.....................................................................................................................14-11 14.6.2 Economic Costs ..................................................................................................................14-11 14.6.3 Political Costs .....................................................................................................................14-12 14.7 SCHEDULE .........................................................................................................................14-12 14.8 CLAIMS AVOIDANCE AND DISPUTES RESOLUTION ...............................................14-14 14.8.1 Disputes Resolution............................................................................................................14-15 14.9 RISK MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................................14-16 ii Design and Construction of Road Tunnels: Part 4 Obstacles and Mitigations Ezekiel Enterprises, LLC CHAPTER 15 - INSTRUMENTATION ..............................................................................................15-1 15.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................15-1 15.2 GROUND MOVEMENTS – VERTICAL & LATERAL DEFORMATIONS......................15-2 15.2.1 Purpose of Monitoring..........................................................................................................15-2 15.2.2 Equipment, Applications, Limitations..................................................................................15-2 15.3 MONITORING OF EXISTING STRUCTURES ................................................................15-15 15.3.1 Purpose of Monitoring........................................................................................................15-15 15.3.2 Equipment, Applications, Limitations................................................................................15-15 15.4 TUNNEL DEFORMATION ................................................................................................15-25 15.4.1 Purpose of Monitoring........................................................................................................15-25 15.4.2 Equipment, Applications, Limitations................................................................................15-26 15.5 DYNAMIC GROUND MOVEMENT – VIBRATIONS .....................................................15-31 15.5.1 Purpose of Monitoring........................................................................................................15-31 15.5.2 Equipment, Applications, Limitations................................................................................15-31 15.6 GROUNDWATER BEHAVIOR .........................................................................................15-33 15.6.1 Purpose of Monitoring........................................................................................................15-33 15.6.2 Equipment, Applications, Limitations................................................................................15-33 15.7 INSTRUMENTATION MANAGEMENT ..........................................................................15-37 15.7.1 Objectives ...........................................................................................................................15-37 15.7.2 Planning of the Program .....................................................................................................15-38 15.7.3 Guidelines for Selection of Instrument Types, Numbers, Locations .................................15-39 15.7.4 Remote (Automated) versus Manual Monitoring...............................................................15-40 15.7.5 Establishment of Warning/Action Levels ..........................................................................15-40 15.7.6 Division of Responsibility ..................................................................................................15-42 15.7.7 Instrumentation and Monitoring for SEM tunneling ..........................................................15-44 iii Design and Construction