SSC20-VIII-07 Building a Global Launch Network: Extending the Reach of Dedicated Small Satellite Launch Using New, Data-Driven Spaceport Assessment Tools John Fuller, Ren Liao, Kirit Patel, Sirisha Bandla, Monica Jan Virgin Orbit 4022 E Conant Street, Long Beach, CA 90808, United States [email protected] Wade McElroy, Mandy Vaughn VOX Space 840 Apollo St, Suite 100, El Segundo, CA 90245, United States [email protected] ABSTRACT The proliferation and sustained growth of small satellite architecture solutions, once an uncertain aspect of tomorrow’s space industry, are now largely perceived as a firm reality. Recent trends continue to show an increasing fraction of launch industry revenue being captured by small and dedicated launch vehicles, such as Virgin Orbit’s LauncherOne. Concurrently, another indicator of small satellite proliferation are recent announcements of increased rideshare opportunities by large launch vehicle operators. As numerous dedicated and rideshare launches emerge as solutions for small satellite customers, understanding the relative advantages and performance of these vehicles will be crucial to satisfy not only single launch, but broader architectural mission needs. Virgin Orbit and VOX Space have presented how a responsive air-launched architecture with multiple hosting spaceports and modularized systems at each can be leveraged to launch entire constellations within days. We have since continued to grow our spaceport network to support domestic and international mission planners that desire a launch vehicle that isn’t constrained to a permanent fixed site or departure corridor. Building upon that work, new analytical methods to analyze and communicate the advantages of air-launch from spaceports around the globe have been devised. Specifically we will quantitatively show how commercial and national security missions, especially in an era that require hybrid architectures, are improved with a geographically flexible and distributed launch capability. Tens of thousands of launches from unique sites are simulated to support various mission types. The result is an explicit evaluation of how the flexibility, ease-of-access, and unconstrained orbital inclination ranges of a global launch network can support hybrid system needs in ways that no other comparable launch system can, dedicated or otherwise. INTRODUCTION rely on launch vehicle technology first conceived over half a century ago, and originate from the same launch The state-of-the-art in the space industry has advanced ranges from the Cold War era. They fly along fixed incredibly in the past decade. Achievements once range safety corridors and regulatory environments thought to be impossible are now commonplace, such devised in decades past, and have perhaps seen even as the autonomous Entry, Descent, and more constraints due to growth in population densities Landing (ED&L) of the Mars Curiosity rover or the as well as air, sea, and space traffic since that time. open sea barge-landings and subsequent refurbishment Mission timelines are measured in years from contract of boost stages of the Falcon 9 launch vehicle. World- signing to launch, rather than months. changing LEO satellite constellations of thousands of satellites are commonly conceived with viable Virgin Orbit is working to change these last stubborn manufacturing and launch infrastructure to support aspects of launching payloads to space. Recent trends them. Satellite servicing spacecraft have been suggest that an increasing fraction of launch industry successfully devised and implemented to interface with revenue is being captured by less expensive and older spacecraft in geostationary orbit to extend their 2,3 1 innovative launch vehicles, such as Virgin Orbit’s service lifetimes . However simultaneously and in LauncherOne. As dedicated launchers continue to many ways, the industry has not changed. Missions still Virgin Orbit 1 34th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites emerge as solutions for small satellites, understanding sites to avoid unanticipated launch restrictions such as the relative performance capabilities of these vehicles weather, space conjunction avoidance, or air/maritime will be crucial to industry development. Released traffic infringement. Further, twice-daily departure LauncherOne studies have shown how a responsive air- azimuths to both the north and south injections are a launched architecture with multiple hosting spaceports possibility with air-launch, as opposed to once-daily and modularized systems at each can be leveraged to opportunities that generally characterize a fixed launch launch entire constellations within days4. Subsequently site. and following extensive dialogue with customer and spaceport communities around the globe, it was deemed This paper outlines Virgin Orbit’s role in furthering the advantageous to further and decisively quantify the ongoing small satellite revolution, with particular advantages of air-launch. Communicating the emphasis on the role of orbital access and launch LauncherOne value proposition for all mission availability as critical metrics by which launch vehicle stakeholders became the driving force behind creation performance can be assessed. Here a distributed launch of a high-fidelity spaceport assessment tool suite. architecture with multiple geographic launch sites and modularized systems at each is proposed as a candidate The most important feature of any dedicated launch launch system that can be used to reach inclination vehicle is the ability to provide a specific orbital ranges and availability that far surpass existing injection required by a customer on their terms and envelopes. The extensive internal toolset developed for schedule. Any features that add flexibility to this determining the tangible value of air-launch to satellite scenario further aid the value of dedicated launch, and system planners will be described, alongside the results starkly highlight the drawbacks of rideshare it produces. The resulting advantages offered by a arrangements on bigger vehicles. With this in mind, mobile, air-launched small satellite launch vehicle as numerically illustrating the capability of LauncherOne opposed to a ground-launched vehicle from fixed site to reach more orbits with a greater degree of are numerically identified. We conclude by discussing availability than any other launch system is the mission how these assessments can serve as the foundation for statement of this tool suite. The suite introduced here is future work in dedicated small launch strategies. used to quickly establish the viability of safe and flexible operations of the LauncherOne system at any STATE OF THE SMALLSAT INDUSTRY spaceport around the world by way of: The rise of the small satellites have excited investors around the world by creating a new space startup race 1. Parametric evaluation of tens of thousands of air- with unprecedented amount of private capital invested launch trajectories to a wide swath of orbital in the last decade. In 2019, 135 startup space ventures inclinations as a function of aircraft range received investment, a 34% increase over 2018, the 2. Characterization of safe range safety corridors previous record. In total, start-up space ventures using high-fidelity population overflight results and attracted $5.7 billion in financing of all types during casualty expectation methodologies based on FAA 2019, shattering the $3.5 billion record set the previous evaluation methodologies year5. The crowded landscape of this new space 3. Preliminary telemetry coverage analysis with ecosystem created a necessity for new entrants to respect to ranked release sites and corridors establish differentiation through technological advancement, disruptive cost models, or unique space The tool capabilities will be detailed, followed by mission designs. briefings of analyses at six spaceports: Mojave Air & Spaceport, Andersen Air Force Base (AFB) in Guam, Broadly speaking, the benefits of smallsats have driven the Launch and Landing Facility at Kennedy Space interest in agile spacecraft that are often leveraged as Center (KSC), Spaceport Cornwall in the U.K., Oita part of distributed missions including multiple Airport in Japan, and Alcântara Launch Center in spacecraft or as technology demonstration missions that Brazil. The results detail the extent of LauncherOne support rapid maturation of space-based instruments6. orbital access and window availability achievable for As necessity for differentiated smallsat mission each of the sites and are compared against those of architectures grows, the needs for agile and responsive fixed-site counterparts. The conclusion is that air- launch systems capable to reach unique orbits are launch definitively and reliably increases the inclination similarly increasing. There is widespread and launch availability of any region considered. acknowledgement of the bottleneck in small satellite Inclination access is increased by simply expanding the launch opportunities,3,7 and in some cases, even if catalog of available launch solutions that avoid launch slots are available, launch systems may not downrange population overflight. Launch assurance is provide tailored smallsat mission support. For unique increased due to the ability to select one of many launch orbits, it is extremely challenging to find rideshare Virgin Orbit 2 34th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites opportunities. Simply put, there are an insufficient Historically, the vast majority of launch service number