Ecosystem and Socio-economic VANUATU Resilience Analysis and Mapping SPREP Library Cataloguing-in-Publica�on Data Mackey, Brendan … [et al.]. Vanuatu Ecosystem and Socio-economic Resilience Analysis and Mapping (ESRAM). Apia, Samoa: SPREP, 2017. 100 p. 29 cm. ISBN: 978-982-04-0735-0 (print) 978-982-04-736-7 (ecopy) 1. Ecosystem management – Tanna Island (Vanuatu). 2. Nature conserva�on – Tanna Island (Vanuatu) 3. Tanna Island (Vanuatu) – Social condi�ons. 4. Tanna Island (Vanuatu) – Economic condi�ons I. Ware, Daniel. II. Nalau, Johanna. III. Sahin, Oz. IV. Fleming, Christopher M. V. Smart, James C.R. VI. Connolly, Rod. VII. Hallgren, Willow. VIII. Buckwell, Andrew. IX. Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). X. Series. XI. Title. 333.7 959 5 Copyright © Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), 2017. Reproduc�on for educa�onal or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior wri�en permission from the copyright holder provided that the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduc�on of this publica�on for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior wri�en consent of the copyright owner. Cover photo: Stuart Chape PO Box 240, Apia, Samoa [email protected], www.sprep.org Our vision: The Pacific environment, sustaining our livelihoods and natural heritage in harmony with our cultures. As part of SPREP's commitment to the environment, this item is printed on paper made from 100% recycled post-consumer waste. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by Griffith University under the Pacific Ecosystem-based Adapta�on to Climate Change Project (PEBACC), a five-year ini�a�ve implemented by the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) in partnership with the governments of Fiji, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The project is part of the Interna�onal Climate Ini�a�ve (IKI). The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conserva�on, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) supports this ini�a�ve on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. The Project focusses on strengthening and protec�ng the role of natural ecosystem services to enhance resilience to climate change. Authors: Brendan Mackey, Daniel Ware, Johanna Nalau, Oz Sahin, Christopher M Fleming, James C.R. Smart, Rod Connolly, Willow Hallgren, Andrew Buckwell. Project coordina�on: David Loubser. Griffith University and SPREP are grateful for the assistance and wise guidance provided by Allan Dan, the SPREP Project Officer on Tanna, and also to the Tafea Provincial Government and the Tanna community leaders for their support, collabora�on and sharing of local knowledge. The Griffith University team par�cipa�on was in part supported by their Ecoadapt Pacific project funded by a private charitable trust. Statement of limita�ons Available data used in the report may be limited in its precision and accuracy. Therefore any use of informa�on from the report will be based on an informed assessment of the limita�ons of the data, informa�on and methodologies described. Note: Where no source of image is given, these are the authors’ own or are crea�ve commons licenced images freely available for reuse from the web. Table of Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Background on Vanuatu and Tanna Island .............................................................................. 6 1.2 Structure of this Report ............................................................................................................ 8 1.3 Connecting ecosystem services with resilience ........................................................................ 8 1.3.1 Concepts .............................................................................................................................. 8 1.4 Ecosystem types ................................................................................................................ 11 1.5 Ecosystem assessment ........................................................................................................... 14 1.5.1 Terrestrial ecosystem condition assessment .................................................................... 15 1.5.2 Coral reef condition assessment ....................................................................................... 15 1.6 Tanna Island ecosystem types mapping ................................................................................ 16 1.7 Ecosystem service valuation .................................................................................................. 16 1.7.1 Valuation in the absence of local data: benefit transfer ................................................... 16 1.7.2 Relevant studies for benefit transfer ................................................................................. 17 1.7.3 Our approach ..................................................................................................................... 19 2 Results of ecosystem service assessment and valuation .................................................... 23 2.1 National level ......................................................................................................................... 23 2.1.1 Ecosystem types and extent .............................................................................................. 23 2.1.2 Ecosystem condition .......................................................................................................... 23 2.1.3 Ecosystem valuation .......................................................................................................... 25 2.1.4 Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 28 2.1.5 Social and demographic data ............................................................................................ 29 2.2 Tanna ..................................................................................................................................... 31 2.2.1 Ecosystem types, extent & condition ................................................................................ 31 2.2.2 Ecosystem valuation .......................................................................................................... 33 2.2.3 Comparing Vanuatu and Tanna ......................................................................................... 37 2.3 Ecosystem service benefits discussion.................................................................................... 39 2.4 Gaps in information ............................................................................................................... 40 3 Drivers, enablers and barriers ........................................................................................... 42 3.1 National .................................................................................................................................. 42 3.2 Tanna Island…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......43 3.3 Social and cultural considerations ......................................................................................... 43 3.4 Political considerations .......................................................................................................... 44 3.4.1 National ............................................................................................................................. 44 3.4.2 Tanna Island ....................................................................................................................... 45 3.5 EbA policy and institutional considerations ........................................................................... 45 3.5.1 Policies ............................................................................................................................... 45 3.5.2 Institutions at the national level ........................................................................................ 49 3.5.3 Institutions at the Tanna Island level ................................................................................ 50 4 Climate change pressures ................................................................................................. 51 4.1 Increasing climate change pressures - National level ............................................................ 51 4.1.1 Temperature ...................................................................................................................... 51 4.1.2 Precipitation ...................................................................................................................... 51 4.1.3 Frequency of extreme events including cyclones. ............................................................ 52 4.1.4 Ocean temperature, chemistry and sea level rise ............................................................. 53 4.2 Climate change pressures - Tanna level ................................................................................. 53 ii VANUATU ECOSYSTEM AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESILIENCE ANALYSIS AND MAPPING 5 Environmental change pressures ...................................................................................... 58 5.1 Population change ................................................................................................................. 58 5.2 Land use change ..................................................................................................................... 58 5.3 Understanding