Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61803-8 - German: A Linguistic Introduction Sarah M. B. Fagan Index More information Index abbreviation 102, 258–260 analytic language 111n.45, 199 ablaut 57, 75, 80, 88, 97, 107, 113n.72, 186 anaphor 142 (Der) Abrogans 188 Anglo-Americanism 275–276 A.c.I. construction 143 antonymy 150–152 acronym 102–104 apex 12 address, forms of 252–255 approximant 13, 48n.6 in FWG 270 arytenoid cartilages 4–5, 50n.36, 211n.15 history of 252–253 aspect 153–155 adjective 90, 116, 119, 259 habitual 122, 155 attributive 71, 110n.33, 124 imperfective 153–154 and case 120–122 perfective 153 comparative form 71, 150–151, 190 progressive 155, 161–163, 216 inflection of 70–75 aspiration 11, 21, 23–24, 49n.16, 184–185, predicative 71–72, 110n.33, 111n.35, 241n.1 124–125 Aspiration (rule) 23–24 strong endings 72 assimilation 21, 26, 190, 248 superlative form 71, 111n.35 in colloquial German 246 weak endings 72–73 see also Nasal Assimilation, Velar Fricative see also compound Assimilation, voicing assimilation adjective phrase 63, 124–125, 193–194 Auslautverhartung¨ , see Final Fortition extended 125, 278n.10 Auslautsgesetze (laws of finals) 212n.33 adjunct 128 Austrian Standard German (ASG) 224–228 adjunction 135–136, 141–142 grammar 226–227 adverb 92, 116, 124–126, 141–142, 146n.15, legal language 279n.21 250–251; see also compound pronunciation 225–226 adverb phrase 124–126, 176–177 vocabulary 227–228 affix 55–56, 99, 106, 212n.29 auxiliary verb 85, 113n.78, 116, 129, 197, 199, derivational 90, 108n.3 251, 270 inflectional 56, 90, 98–99, 108n.3, 223, future 179n.14, 192 227 inflection of 81, 82 affixoid 99–100 passive 172 affricate 18–19, 188–189, 212n.38, 236 in perfect tenses 77, 160, 161, 178n.11, agent thematic role 169–170, 172–173, 176 179n.16, 192, 217, 227 Alemannic dialects 189, 194, 201, 222, 224, in past subjunctive 83–84, 85 232–235; see also Swabian, Zurit¨ u¨utsch¨ position of 139, 227, 270 allomorph 55 allophone 15 back feature 26–27, 30–31 alpha notation 32 base 56 alveolar ridge 5 Bavaro-Austrian dialects 224, 233, 235–237 ambisyllabicity 34 beneficiary thematic role 146n.11 analytic form 111n.45, 187, 192, 197–199, Benrath line (Benrather Linie) 231, 232, 208 237–239 310 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61803-8 - German: A Linguistic Introduction Sarah M. B. Fagan Index More information Index 311 Binding Theory 148n.42 nominal 100 blade of the tongue 12 subordinate 42, 98, 100–101 blend 106 verbal 101 breathy voice 211n.15 compounding 98–100, 103, 223, 227, 264; see also compound case 56, 62–66, 69, 71–75, 119–123, 139, 141, consonantal feature 50n.31 183, 186, 187, 191, 239 Consonantal Realization of /r/ 30–31 accusative 92, 120–121, 146n.8, 173, 175 consonant 10–14 accusative–dative distinction 217 phonemes in German 18–19 dative 62–63, 120–123, 180n.32, 214–215, sounds in German 10 250 constituent 146n.21 genitive 62, 110n.26, 121–123, 146n.8, 208, immediate 147n.29 214–215, 229, 250 continuant feature 49n.20 instrumental 186, 211n.24 converses 151–152 nominative 119–120, 130, 191 conversion 96–98, 113n.65, 125, 259, 264 vocative 186, 191, 211n.23 copula 119, 146n.17, 266, 270 see also adjective coronal feature 50n.31 Central German dialects 231, 232, 237–238 CP, see complementizer phrase and Diphthongization 201, 235, 237–238 creaky voice 28, 50n.36 and High German Consonant Shift 237 and Monophthongization 201, 232, 235, definite article 63–64, 192–193, 250 237–238 Definiteness Constraint 142 circumfix 56, 88–89 deletion 247–248; see also Schwa Deletion circumfixation, see derivation demonstrative determiner 64–65 circumposition 123 demonstrative pronoun, see pronoun clipping, see reduction derivation 89–90, 99, 102–103 coda 16, 33 circumfixation 95–96 in German 33, 36–38 implicit 97–98 cognate 212n.30 in Jugendsprache 263–264 colloquial German 214–218, 232 prefixation 90–93 grammar 121–122, 154, 158, 214–218, 224, suffixation 93–95 227, 249–252 see also conversion pronunciation 196, 216, 226, 246–248 determiner 63, 116, 119, 122, 146n.9 vocabulary 150, 218, 248–249 and adjectival inflection 72–75 colloquial language in Austria 224–225 inflection of 63–66 COMP, see complementizer pronominal use of 69 comparative, see adjective determiner phrase (DP) 145n.3 complement 116 dialect 214–215, 244, 278n.3 in AdvP 126 use in Austria 224–225 in AP 124–125 use in Germany 232–233 in CP 130 use in Switzerland 219–220 in IP 129 see also Central German, Upper German, in NP 118 Low German in PP 123–124 diglossia 218–220 in VP 126–128, 133, 135, 147n.29 diminutive 109n.14, 223, 234–235, 237 complementaries 150 diphthong 9, 16, 18, 39 complementary distribution 15, 25, 50n.30, diphthongization, see Central German dialects, 51n.42 Early New High German, Low German complementizer 130–134, 138, 183 dialects, Upper German dialects complementizer phrase (CP) 118, 130, dual 183, 186, 191, 211n.7, 212n.34, 235, 236 132–139 compound 39, 42, 105–106, 114n.81 e-Epenthesis 78–81, 88 adjectival 100–101, 229 Early New High German 199–206 adverbial 101–102 Diphthongization 201 copulative 42, 98, 100–101 Monophthongization 201 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61803-8 - German: A Linguistic Introduction Sarah M. B. Fagan Index More information 312 Index Early New High German (cont.) gender, representation of in German 255–262 morphology 203–205 abbreviation 258–260 orthography 202–203 alternatives to splitting 259 phonology 201–203 in legal language 259–260 syntax 205–206 principles for linguistic equality 257 East Franconian 194, 233, 235 in print media 260–262 Eastphalian 238, 239 splitting 257–258 eastern Germany, German in 228–231 unequal treatment 255–256 in the German Democratic Republic generative grammar 2, 142 228–230 generative-transformational grammar 115 post-reunification 230–231 Germanic 40, 182, 184–187, 199, 272 Eifel Barrier 231, 237 accent shift 184, 186, 191, 195 Elsewhere Principle 59–60 branches of 184 event time 156, 160 morphology 186–187 evidentiality 168–169 phonology 184–186, 201, 212n.38 experiencer thematic role 170–171 syntax 187 extended adjective construction, see adjective Germersheim Line 231, 233, 237 phrase glottal stop 11–12, 19, 28–29 extraposition 193, 212n.36 Glottal Stop Insertion 28–29 Extraposition 135–137 glottis 4, 5, 12 goal thematic role 146n.11, 169–170, features 15–16 174 distinctive 16 Gothic script (Frakturschrift) 213n.41 Final Fortition 196–197 Gottfried von Straßburg 194 finite verb 113n.78, 119, 143 gradable antonyms 150–151 inflection of 76, 79 equipollent antonyms 150–151 position of 89, 127, 129–131, 133–134, overlapping antonyms 150–151 138–139, 193, 205, 271 polar antonyms 150–151 First Sound Shift, see Grimm’s Law Grammatischer Wechsel 185–186 Focus Constraint 142 Grimm, Jacob 186, 207, 211n.14, 211n.26, foot 16, 28–29, 44 212n.37 Foreign Worker German (FWG) 269–271 Grimm’s Law 184–185 foreign workers 268–269 formal German 214, 245 Hartmann von Aue 194 grammar 110n.26, 110n.31, 122, 123, 125, head 116 249 High German 187–188, 213n.46, 214, 231 pronunciation 246 High German Consonant Shift 188–190 vocabulary 150, 218, 248–249 and German dialects 231–232 fortis 21 homorganicity 51n.45 Fortition 22–24, 50n.35 Hunsruck¨ Barrier 231, 237 free variation 15, 51n.42 hyponymy 152–153 fricative 12–13, 19, 22–28 Fricative Devoicing 25, 89 imperative 86–87, 132, 193 front feature 26–27, 51n.43 imperfect 112n.51 (Die) Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft 178n.1, indefinite article 65, 70 206 indefinite pronoun, see pronoun future 158–160, 198 indicative 81–82, 83–84, 86, 87, 111n.44, 165 Indo-European 110n.34, 182 Gastarbeiter, see foreign workers infinitive 76, 87–88, 113n.78, 165–166, 227, Gastarbeiterdeutsch, see Foreign Worker 251 German conversion of 113n.70 (Das) Gemeine Deutsch 200, 206 form of 75, 78, 80–81, 88, 237 gender, grammatical 57–58, 61, 63–67, 69, in future tense 158, 198 71–75, 91, 93, 102, 178n.7, 183, 186, in FWG 269 218, 223–224, 227 and imperative 86, 87 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61803-8 - German: A Linguistic Introduction Sarah M. B. Fagan Index More information Index 313 infinitive (cont.) loanword 10, 149, 194–195, 206–207, 272 position of 127, 227, 251 Celtic 272 and Subjunctive I 83 English 274 in wurde¨ -construction 86 Greek 272–273 infinitival clause 143–144, 162–163 Italian 273 Infl 129, 131, 139, 147n.33 Latin 272–273 inflection 56–57, 183, 187, 191–192, 195, 197, Netherlandic 273 203–205 location thematic role 146n.11, 170, 171 contextual 56, 71 Low German dialects 184, 188, 190, 213n.46, inherent 56, 70–71 215, 232, 238–240 see also adjective, determiner, noun, and Diphthongization 201, 232, 239 pronoun, verb and High German Consonant Shift 189, inflection phrase (IP) 129–130, 132, 134, 138, 238–239 141–142 and Monophthongization 201, 239 instrument thematic role 169–171 Luther, Martin 200, 203 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 6, Luxemburgish 1 48n.5, 49n.16 interfix 113n.74 manner of articulation 10, 246 intonation 44–46 Mecklenburgish-West Pomeranian 238–240 falling pattern 44–46 meronymy 153 level pattern 46 Merseburger Zauberspruche¨ 188 rising pattern 44–46 middle (construction) 173, 175–177 in Swiss Standard German 222 Middle High German 191, 194–199 intonational phrase 23–24, 28, 45 morphology 197–198 IP, see inflection phrase orthography 212n.38 Item and Arrangement (IA) 56–57 phonology 195–197 Item and Process (IP) 57 syntax 199 middle voice 175, 183, 186 jargon 244, 262 minimal pair 15, 17–19, 24,