TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH Number E-C171 September 2013 Durability of Concrete SECOND EDITION TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2013 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OFFICERS Chair: Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, Virginia Vice Chair: Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing Division Chair for NRC Oversight: Susan Hanson, Distinguished University Professor Emerita, School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2013–2014 TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES COUNCIL Chair: Katherine F. Turnbull, Executive Associate Director, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University System, College Station Technical Activities Director: Mark R. Norman, Transportation Research Board Paul Carlson, Research Engineer, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Operations and Maintenance Group Chair Barbara A. Ivanov, Director, Freight Systems, Washington State Department of Transportation, Olympia Paul P. Jovanis, Professor, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Safety and Systems Users Group Chair Thomas J. Kazmierowski, Senior Consultant, Golder Associates, Toronto, Canada, Design and Construction Group Chair Mark S. Kross, Consultant, Jefferson City, Missouri, Planning and Environment Group Chair Peter B. Mandle, Director, LeighFisher, Inc., Burlingame, California, Aviation Group Chair Harold R. (Skip) Paul, Director, Louisiana Transportation Research Center, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Baton Rouge, State DOT Representative Anthony D. Perl, Professor of Political Science and Urban Studies and Director, Urban Studies Program, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Rail Group Chair Lucy Phillips Priddy, Research Civil Engineer, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi Young Members Council Chair James S. Thiel, General Counsel, Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Legal Resources Group Chair Thomas H. Wakeman, Research Professor, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, Marine Group Chair David C. Wilcock, Vice President, Michael Baker, Jr., Inc., Norwood, Massachusetts, Public Transportation Group Chair Johanna P. Zmud, Director, Transportation, Space, and Technology Program, RAND Corporation, Arlington, Virginia, Policy and Organization Group Chair Transportation Research Circular E-C171 Durability of Concrete SECOND EDITION Updated by Peter Taylor Paul Tennis Karthik Obla Prashant Ram Thomas Van Dam Heather Dylla for the TRB Durability of Concrete Committee Transportation Research Board Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, D.C. www.TRB.org TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH CIRCULAR E-C171 ISSN 097-8515 The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council, which serves as an independent advisor to the federal government and others on scientific and technical questions of national importance. The National Research Council is jointly administered by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Transportation Research Board is distributing this Circular to make the information contained herein available for use by individual practitioners in state and local transportation agencies, researchers in academic institutions, and other members of the transportation research community. The information in this circular was taken directly from the submission of the authors. This document is not a report of the National Research Council or the National Academy of Sciences. Design and Construction Group Thomas J. Kazmierowski, Chair Concrete Materials Section Mohammad S. Khan, Chair Durability of Concrete Committee Tyson D. Rupnow, Chair Gina M. Ahlstrom D. Stephen Lane Yadhira A. Resendez Upul Bandara Attanayake Kevin William McMullen Ryan J. Rohne Daniel M. DeGraaf Anal K. Mukhopadhyay Lawrence L. Sutter Heather L. Dylla Karthik H. Obla Paul D. Tennis Rico Fung Jan Olek David Trejo Abolfazl A Hassani Sulapha Peethamparan Steven L. Tritsch Robert Douglas Hooton Prashant V. Ram Thomas J. Van Dam John T. Kevern Prasad Rao Rangaraju Nancy M. Whiting TRB Staff Frederick D. Hejl, Associate Division Director, Engineer of Materials and Construction Michael DeCarmine, Program Officer Michael Nabinett, Senior Program Assistant Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, D.C. www.TRB.com Javy Awan, Production Editor; Jennifer Correro, Proofreading; Jennifer J. Weeks, Layout Preface his circular is an update to Transportation Research Circular 494: Durability of Concrete, T published in 1999, originally authored by Bryant Mather, V. Ramakrishnan, Steven H. Kosmatka, D. Stephen Lane, H. Celik Ozyildirim, and David L. Rettner. This revised publication is intended to provide the latest information for consideration by practitioners on producing durable concrete for transportation structures and pavements. Considering the number of facilities that have required repairs and reconstruction before reaching their intended service life, as well as the cost of the rehabilitation and the inconveniences to the traveling public, the importance of constructing long-lasting bridges and pavements continues to capture national attention and remains a high-priority item. This document is divided into sections introducing each topic and discussing the production of durable concrete through materials selection, proportioning, construction practices, specifications, and testing. Also included is a section of case studies, providing examples of problems encountered in the field that involve concrete pavement and bridges, along with the proposed solutions by the authors of the studies. Special appreciation is expressed to Peter Taylor for overall editing and to Paul Tennis for his work in updating the Introduction, Materials Selection, Proportioning, and Testing sections. Sincere thanks are expressed to Karthik Obla for his work in updating the Specifications portion and to Prashant Ram for his work in updating the Construction Practices section. The work Thomas Van Dam did on the Case Studies section and that Heather Dylla did in updating the References is greatly appreciated. In addition, many committee members and friends of the committee who have an interest in the subject and experience in the field made significant contributions. The Durability of Concrete Committee welcomes suggestions from readers and practitioners for future updating of the information. —Tyson D. Rupnow, Chair Durability of Concrete Committee iii PUBLISHER’S NOTE The contents of this Circular reflect the views of the authors of the original edition published in 1999 and of the expert volunteers who undertook the updates for this edition. These contributors are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data. This document does not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Transportation Research Board, and the contents of this Circular do not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. iv Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 Bryant Mather; updated by Paul Tennis Material Selection ..........................................................................................................................4 V. Ramakrishnan; updated by Paul Tennis Cementitious Materials ..............................................................................................................4 Mixing Water for Concrete ......................................................................................................10 Aggregates ...............................................................................................................................10 Chemical Admixtures ..............................................................................................................12 Proportioning ...............................................................................................................................15 Steven H. Kosmatka; updated by Paul Tennis Mixture Characteristics ............................................................................................................15 Water–Cementitious Materials Ratio and Strength Relationship ............................................15 Strength ....................................................................................................................................16 Water–Cementitious Materials Ratio .......................................................................................16 Aggregates ...............................................................................................................................17 Entrained Air ............................................................................................................................17 Slump .......................................................................................................................................19 Water Content ..........................................................................................................................20