The Society of Architectural Historians Missouri Valley Chapter News Volume XIX Number 4 Winter 2013 Letter www.stlouisarchitecture.org THE 1828 ST. LOUIS COURTHOUSE A public, urban place like the public square was the setting by Bob Moore where all sorts of people came together informally, where Historian, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial collective civic rituals such as markets and parades took place, and where the prevalent values and beliefs of the community As St. Louis began to grow as a city in the 1820s, and shook off were made manifest. In the American form of the public its chrysalis of French Colonial city planning and house design, square, an institutional building usually dominated, most often a one building stands out as an impetus to a new direction and the courthouse, in a city design seen particularly in Pennsylvania emergence of an American rather than a French city on the and which spread westward in the early 1800s to the Midwest. banks of the Mississippi. Ironically, that structure stood for less than 25 years and is all but forgotten by St. Louisans today. It In the early 1820s St. Louis was, for the first time, feeling an was supplanted by the spectacular Greek Revival Old acute need for a court building. On December 14, 1822, a Courthouse, famous in U.S. history as the site of the Dred Scott commission was appointed by the county of St. Louis to select a case. But prior to the first stone being laid for the Old site for a permanent, dedicated courthouse. The committee Courthouse, another building once stood on that same square. consisted of Thomas Sappington (whose house on Sappington Road is still standing), Ludwig Bacon, Robert Quarels, Pierre Chouteau (son of city founder Pierre Laclede), and William Carr Lane (soon to become the first mayor under the 1823 St. Louis city charter). By August 25 of the following year they chose the space that was already being called by St. Louisans “the Public Square” as the site.1 Besides the fact that court functions were already being conducted near the site, and that the jail was one block away, the American style of a central, prominent location for the courthouse (Block 102 was at the crest of the ridge along Fourth Street overlooking the river), certainly figured into the recommendation. Up to that time, the courts had been housed in several places, including the commandant’s house of the old Spanish fort near Fourth and Walnut, James Baird’s former blacksmith shop on Third Street between Almond and Spruce, and the Baptist church at the southwest corner of Third and Market.2 By the early 1820s, a two-story town house, located where the UMB Bank and Tony’s Restaurant are today at Fourth and Market, The 1828 St. Louis Courthouse by Morton & Laveille, seen from the was in use as the court house. The original description of the southeast, near Fourth Street and Market, from a Sketchup model by Bob building was that it was a two story frame dwelling built in Moore 1817 by James Sawyer, and by 1821 sold to Presbyterian missionary Salmon Giddings . The 1821 City Directory stated The public square as designated by the Americans by 1822 was that the courts met on the first floor, and the second floor was not the same public square, the “place publique,” that the occupied by the clerks of the court.3 French had known. The French Place d’Armes, located on Block 7, was central to a town that hugged the river; the The project to build a designated courthouse building for the growing town was moving to the West, and the new square, on growing town moved slowly. By September 1823 the Public Block 102, was central within it. At the time, it should be Square (which was not actually owned by the city or the noted, the city’s western boundary extended only to Seventh “public”!) was deeded by Auguste Chouteau and John B.C. Street, placing the public square at the center of St. Louis when Lucas, who each owned a portion of the block, to the city for measured from north to south or from east to west. It was the purpose of erecting a courthouse. On August 28, 1824, thought that future development in the area between Fourth nearly a year later, the county appropriated $1,541 for a clerk’s Street and Seventh Street would eventually surround the public building, which was probably built shortly thereafter. Over a square with homes and businesses, for in 1822 Block 102 was year after that, on November 9, 1825, $7,000 was appropriated still very much on the western fringe of the town, and little had for constructing the new court house, and Alexander Stuart was been built out that far save for the City Jail. appointed Superintendent of the project.4 Newsletter 1 Winter 2013 Apparently Stuart drafted a plan for the new courthouse, which the County Court records state was estimated in February 1826 Joseph C. Laveille and George Morton formed the first at a building cost of $12,000. They considered the plans and architectural firm west of the Mississippi River in St. Louis appropriated $5,000 more for potential construction. By May 1, about 1823. They designed not only the first courthouse for St. however, a plan by architects Joseph S. Laveille and George Louis, but also the Old Cathedral, the city’s first Episcopal Morton, who had been approached by Stuart as he searched for church on the northwest corner of Third and Chestnut a proper design, had been reviewed by the County Court and (1825-1826), St. Louis University at Christy (now Lucas) and approved in lieu of Stuart’s own. This new plan required a 9th Streets, and the first buildings at Jefferson Barracks (1826). further appropriation of $2,000. By May 26 a contract was signed with Morton and Laveille. This may have resulted in Joseph C. Laveille was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in some sour grapes, for soon afterward Stuart stepped down as 1790 and grew up in Philadelphia. He moved to St. Louis in judge and resigned as superintendent of the project. Henry S. 1821. In addition to his architectural work, Laveille was the Geyer was appointed superintendent to replace Stuart on July city’s street commissioner from 1823 to 1826, and was 25, 1826.5 responsible for proposing that the city’s east-west streets be renamed for trees, as they were in Philadelphia. Laveille served as alderman from the 2nd ward and was the aldermanic president. In 1820 Laveille advertised himself as an architect and practical builder of “long experience in the principal cities and towns in the United States.” With Morton he prepared “skids for steam boats” and made “sundry coffins for paupers.”6 George Morton was born in Scotland in 1790 and immigrated to the United States, first settling in Pittsburgh. He married Margaret Morrison in 1812 in Allegheny City and moved his family to St. Louis between 1818 and 1822. Morton first formed a partnership with Philip Rochblave as carpenters and builders but by 1823 was linked with Laveille. Morton also served as a city alderman. In later years he retired due to ill health. In 1834 Morton and Laveille dissolved their partnership; Laveille went into the lumber business while Morton went into real estate. Joseph Laveille died in 1842, while George Morton lived until 1865.7 On July 11, 1826, Rene Paul was hired to make a survey of the Public Square, which he measured at 273 feet by 250 feet. This measure, by the way, is smaller than the size of the current block, which measures 301 feet by 257 feet, wider by 7 feet north and south and 28 feet east and west than it was in 1826.8 Specifications put forth by Morton and Laveille to get the contract for the new courthouse described a building with a “foundation . of stone sunk about three feet below the surface of the ground, the outside walls of which are to be two and one half feet in thickness, those of the inside to be about two feet and secured from settling by reversed arches under all the openings, so placed and formed as to give the wall in its whole extent an equal pressure on its foundation. The Architecture to be executed in a style of simple Elegance – The Circular Portico of the principal front to be of the Grecian Ionic Order, the proportions of which are taken from the beautiful & Chaste temple of that Order on the River Illissus at Athena [sic] – The Shafts of the Columns to be of Brick neatly plastered in imitation of Cut Stone with real Cut Stone Caps and bases, the Whole resting on a Circular border or step Forming the front of the floor of the portico and to which you ascend by a flight of six Circular steps. The Foundation above the surface of the ground to the height of the lower edge of the Water Table to be of What is termed Range Work Masonry Executed in the The 1828 Courthouse, east front elevation and first-floor plan by Morton & neatest manner and Capped with a water table of Cut Stone Laveille, taken from a photograph of a now-missing document about twelve inches in height encircling the Whole Newsletter 2 Winter 2013 building, to be Cut in the neatest manner and the Joints to others to contain each twenty four lights, those of the lower be properly secured by Iron Clamps.