ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 83 Vol. 1, No. 1, 2016 INFLUENCE OF DOBROTVIR THERMAL POWER PLANT ON ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS Volodymyr Pohrebennyk Lviv Polytechnic National University, Vyacheslav Chornovil Institute of Ecology, Nature Protection and Tourism, Department of Environmental Safety and Nature security activities, 130, Gen. Chuprynka Str., Lviv, Ukraine, 79057, [email protected] Received: 17.10.2015 © Pohrebennyk V., 2016 Abstract. The influence of the emissions of Dobrotvir TPP 19 %; nuclear power plants – 17 % [1–4]. At the same on the state of environmental pollution was evaluated: the time the structure of electricity production varies state of air and soils and the state of waste management. between regions. The share of nuclear power plants is The necessity to perform combined researches and much higher in Europe (27 %) and in Latin America ecological measures to reduce the negative impact of waste there is a very high share of hydropower plants (75 %). dumps on the environment was justified. It was established Even more essential are the differences in structure that the state of soils of ash and slag dumps was in crisis, between countries. The share of electricity production in the content of total forms of heavy metals in the soil is 2–10 Ukraine between the stations of different types is the times higher than TLV or a background concentration, large following: TPP – 65,57; NPP – 25,83; GPP – 2,37; other excesses of heavy metals of the I class of danger, namely power plants – 0,03. Copper, Zinc and Lead were detected. Depending on the structural particularities of the world country, electricity producers can be divided into several Key words: thermal power plant, ash and slag dumps, groups. The first and fundamental group is consisted of environmental pollution, heavy metals. countries where the princiapl part of the electricity produced is by the thermal power stations. Among those 1. Introduction countries there are South Africa, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, China, UK, USA and others. Overall, the Energetics is a branch of the economy, which covers share of thermal power plants in electricity production is energy resources, extraction, transformation, transmis- growing, because their construction is cheaper, the terms of sion and use of different types of energy. Electricity the construction are shorter, the power is great. production in the world ranks an advanced place among The presence of a large number of thermal power all branches of production. There are three basic types of plants in Ukraine is due to huge reserves of coal during power plants that produce electricity. They are nuclear the Soviet times, which are mainly concentrated in power plants (NPP), thermal power plants (TPP) and Donetsk, Luhansk and Dnipropetrovsk regions even in hydropower plants (HPP). Soviet times. When burning the solid types of fuel in the Thermal power plants (TPP) convert chemical furnaces of thermal power plants the ash is generated in energy of fuel (coal, oil, gas, etc.) sequentially to the form of residues similar to dust and lump slag as thermal, mechanical and electrical energy. By power well as ash and slag mixtures. They are products of equipment TPP are divided into steam, diesel and gas high-temperature treatment at temperatures of 1200... turbine power plants. Thermal power plants are the basis 1700 °C of the mineral part of the fuel. The chemical of power. The fuel which is used in thermal power composition of ash and slag waste depends on the type plants is coal, natural gas, fuel oil, shale, wood. The of solid fuel (coal), which is subjected to burning, but increase of a single power of TPP determines the the average of the waste includes the following oxides: increase of absolute consumption of fuel consumption SiO2 – 55,3 %, Al2O3 – 17,3 %, Fe2O3 – 3,2 %, СаО – by individual power plants. 3,59 %, MgO – 1,86 %, ТiO2 – 1,44 %, K2O – 1,86, In different countries of the world the ratio of one or Na2O – 0,72 %, and the oxides of vanadium, gallium other particular type of power depends on the and others. [5]. Ash slags which are formed as a result of geographic location and scientific and technological the coal combustion in thermal power plants are large- potential of the country. Worldwide the thermal power tonnage waste. For their transportation the systems of plants produce 63 % of electricity, hydropower plants – hydraulic ash removal are used. Thus most of ash slags 84 Volodymyr Pohrebennyk is transported in a form of the slurry of low The average age of domestic TPP is 45... 50 years, concentration slurry to place it the hydraulic ash dumps, because their main construction took place in 60's... 70's which are one of the major sources of environmental of the last century, that's why during this time the pollution in the production of electric energy [5]. accumulation of solid waste (slag and ash) reached Modern industrial society is impossible without enormous sizes, 359 million tons, that in turn, takes a lot such not renewable energy sources as gas, oil and coal. of land space for their storage. This leads to the Highly developed countries get 80 % of energy from disruption of the ecological situation both in the regions them. Over the past 30 years at TPP, which are the and in the country as a whole. largest producer of electricity, 76 billion tons of coal, The emissions of thermal power plants in Ukraine in 3 billion tons of oil fuel, 3 trillion m3 of gas. Despite of 5–30 times higher than European Union standards the large amount of produced electricity, a huge lack of [9, 10], and they are the main gross air pollutant in the state. TPP is environmental pollution in both a local and Currently, there is no complex processing of ash and planetary scale [6–8]. slag wastes, only their small number (10... 15 %) is used The largest TPP are located in Donbass (Vuhlehirska, in the construction industry as a component in the Starobeshevska, Myronivska, Kurahivska etc.), Prydnip- production of bricks and a pavement. But the potential rovye (Prydniprovska, Krivorozhska), Kharkiv (Zmiyivska), of slag wastes is much higher, it is due to the presence of Kyiv (Tripilska), Ivano-Frankivsk (Burshtynska), Lviv large number of valuable components containing in the (Dobrotvirska) regions, in Zaporizhya, Odessa and slags from TPP (vanadium, gallium, iron, silicon, etc.). others. Most of these power plants produce heat too Therefore, to improve the ecological situation in the (TPC). TPP are the major stations that provide electricity country and to receive new sources of raw materials it is in half-peak and together with HPP and HNPP during necessary to develop and implement a combined peak hours. recycling of ash and slag wastes of TPP. The negative In Lviv region five companies are included in the side of the function of TPP is an environmental pollution “List of 100 objects that are the major environmental both by gaseous impurities and solid wastes in the form polluters in Ukraine”: “Dobrotvirsk TPP”, OAO “Lviv of ash and slag. Coal Company” Novorozdilsk State Mining and The aim of the work is to evaluate the influence of Chemical Enterprise (SMCE) “Sirka (Sulfur)”, Lviv Dobrotvir TPP on the characteristics of the environment. communal enterprise “Zbyranka” Novoiavorivsk SE “Ecotransenergo”. 2. The presentation of the main material Dobrotvir TPP was launched in 1956 when the first phase of production capacities was put into operation. It Energy production in TPP is accompanied by a large had three boilers PK-19 of the plant № 1-3 with the amount of heat generation, that's why these plants are release of flue gases station into the high-level usually built near cities and industrial centers to use smokestack № 1 (H = 101 m). Currently these boilers (utilize) this heat. Considering the limited world worked out and were removed, the smokestack № 1 is reserves of fossil fuel, scientists and engineers continue inactive. In 1961, the second phase of the station was to work on improving the parameters of power units, put into operation, it had six boilers TP-10. These boilers increasing their coefficient of performance (COP), run on two steam turbines K100-90-6 LMZ. The gas which provides economical fuel consumption. Further passages from six boilers № 5-10 are connected to a growth of the capacities of the power units is possible in high-level smokestack № 2 (H = 105 m). In 1963 in the the event of the introduction of so-called cryogenic STPP the third phase of the station started to function, it generators that are refrigerated by liquefied helium. was based on two power units of the station of Burning fossil fuel is accompanied by strong environ- 150 MWt. The release of flue gases from the boilers mental pollutions. Consider the main ones. TP-92 is performing through the smokestack № 3 Air pollution by Dobrotvir TPP. Some issues of air (H = 120 m). In the late 80's the construction of the pollution by Dobrotvir TPP were considered in the work fourth phase of Dobrotvir TPP (DTPP-2) began, it would [11]. The main air pollution by Dobrotvir TPP is performed consist of three power units of 225 MWt each. The high- by harmful substances that are emitted from the high-level level smokestack and partly an industrial building were smokestacks in the process of producing electricity and constructed. In the early 90's, after the collapse of the heat. The capacity of the reductions differ depending on the USSR, in connection with the termination of financing technological equipment of the station and it is constantly the construction was stopped. In the strategic directions changing during the day, week, month and year, according of the development of generating capacities of open to the controller load schedule.