577 .4. - . 001.4 - The United Kingdo Env ironm ental Chang e Protocols for Standard Measurements at Th e En viro nm e nta l Chang e Netw ork is co-ordin a ted a nd ma n a ge d by t h e Nat u ra l En viron m e n t Re sear ch Co un cil, on b e h alf of t h e spo ns oring org an is a t io n s : Biot ech n o log y & Biolog ica l Scie n ce s Re sear ch Cou n cil Co u n t ry sid e Cou ncil fo r Wale s Dep ar t m e n t of Ag ricu lt u re fo r Nort h ern Ire lan d De p art m e n t of t h e En v ironm e nt De p a rt m e n t of t h e En vironm e nt for Nor t h e rn Ir e la n d En g lis h N a tu r e En vironm e n t Ag en cy Fo re st r y Com m is sion Min is t ry of De fe n ce Min is t ry of Agr ic ult u re , Fis h e ries & Foo d Na t u ra l En v iron m e n t Re searc h Cou n cil Scot t is h E n viron m e n t Pro t ec ti on Ag e ncy Scot t is h Office , Ag ric ult u re , En viron m e n t & Fis h e rie s De p a rt m en t We ls h Offi ce Th e E CN Ce n t ral Co -o rd inatio n Unit is b a se d a t t h e Ins t it ut e of Te rr e st ria l Ecolog y 's Merle w oo d Re s e a rc h St a tio n . ITE is a com p on e n t re se ar ch org anis a t ion w it hin t h e Na tu ral En v ironm e n t Re s e ar ch Co u n cil, a n d is p a r t of t h e Ce n t re for Ecolog y a n d H yd ro log y. CEH com p ris e s fo u r In s t itu te s In s tit u t e o f Fre sh w at e r Ecolog y, In s t itu t e o f Hy d ro lo g y, In st it u t e of Te r rest rial Ecolog y In st itu t e of Virolog y a n d En v ironm en t al Microb iolog y. Dr T.W Pa rr ECN Ce n t ra l Co -o rd in a t io n Un it In st it u t e of Te rr e st ria l Ecology (N ERC ) Me rle w ood Re s e ar ch St a tion Gra n g e -ov e r-San d s Cu m b ria LA 11 6J U 7b1 0 153 95 32 2 64 Fax 0 153 95 34 70 5 Em ail E CN C'CUOita a c.u k W W 14,Th t tp :/ / w w w .nm w .a c.uk / een E nuironmental C hange N etwork The Un ite d King dom Env ironm e ntal Chang e N e tw ork : Protoc ols for standard m e asurem e nts at te rre s trial s ite s Edite d by J M Sy ke s and A M J Lane INSTITUTE OF TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY -UEIFIARY SERVICE EDINBURGH IA BORATOR!ES .BUSH ESTATL MIDLOTHIAN E26 COB . Ce ntre fo r •Ec ol og y & London : The Statione ry Office Hy drolog y Natural Environm ent Research Co uncil Namral Environment Re se arch Counc il 1996 Applications for rep roduction sh ould be mad e in wr iting to The Stationery Offi ce Limited, Si Crisp ins , Duke Stre et, Norwich NR3 IPD ISBN 0 11 702 197 0 NS ( IT UT E O F T E R R E S T R IA L E C O L O G Y L IB R A RY S E 7 VIC E 1 3 F E B1997 T . s-99 co l CON TEN TS Pre fa ce - Pr of O.W. He al 1 Intro d uction - J.M. Syke s 5 EC N core m e asure m e n t p ro tocols 3 1 LIA Loc atio n a nd m ar ki ng of TSS and SS 33 LU Lan d us e and site m a nage m e nt 35 M Me te oro lo g y 37 MA Autom atic We athe r Station 38 MM Man ual m e te orolog y 45 AC Atm osp he r ic c he mi str y 47 PC Pre cip ita tion c he m is try 53 W D Surfa ce w a te r dis ch arg e 60 W C Sur fa ce w ate r ch e mistr y and q uality 66 S Soils 64 SB Soil su r vey an d class ifica tion 66 SF Initial and five-ye ar ly samp ling 69 SC Initial and 20-ye ar ly sa mpling 70 SA Archiving 73 SS Soil s olution 75 V Veg e tatio n 87 VB Base line su rvey 89 VC Coa rse -g ra in sampling 90 VF Fine -g rain s ampling 90 9 1 VW Woo dlan ds , VH Hed ge rows and line ar feature s 93 VP Per m an e nt p asture s 93 VA Ce re als 94 Inve r te b rate s 10 1 IT Tip ulids 102 IM Moth s 104 1B Butte rflie s 109 IS Spittlebugs .- 111 IG Ground p re dators 118 B Ver te b rate s 122 BI Bird s 123 BC Co mm on b re e ding b ird s 125 BM Mo orland bre e ding b irds 128 BB Bre eding Birds Survey 13 1 BA Bats 134 BU Rabb its an d de er 139 BF Frog spavm . 14 1 WH Initia l w ate r handlin g ' 145 AG An aly tic a l gu ide lin e s for w a te r s 149 ECN d a ta re p or ting —A.M.J. Lane 154 1 Sp e c ifica tio n of re sults and 155 re c ord in g conve ntio ns 1 Guid e lin e s an d form ats for tra ns fe r 187 of d a ta to th e EC N C CU Th e ECN d a tab ase —A.M .J. Lane 2 12 1 Da ta han dlin g and d ata b as e d e sig n 2 12 2 Quality as suranc e in ECN 2 16 3 Data b ase a cc e ss 2 19 AC K NOWLED G EM ENT S The e d itors wish to thank the nume rous individuals wh o have m ade contr ibutions to th e ECN p rog ramme or have b e en involve d in the p ro d uction of this p ub lication b ut wh ose nam e s d o not app e ar in the tex t. In p articular, we are indeb te d to the ECN Site Manag ers - Joh n Ad amson (Mo or Hou se) , Roy And e rson (Hillsb oroug h), John Bate r (Roth amste d ), C live Bealey (Por ton) , Go rd on Co mmon (Sourh op e ) , Stu art Corb ett (Dr ay ton), Paul Harg reave s (Roth amsted ), Dav id Hend e rson (Glens aug h & Sourhop e ), John Milne (Glensaugh & Sour hop e) , Mike Mo re croft (Wyth am) , Alex Turner (Snowd on/ Y Wydd fa), De ird re Wadd e ll (Alice . Holt), Stu ar t Wrig ht (Glensaugh) - who h ave p rovide d most of the d e sc riptive infor m ation on the site s containe d in the Intro duction , and h ave b e en re sp onsible for te sting the p ractic alities of imp leme nting the Protocols. Our th anks are d ue alsb to those d isting uishe d environm ental and statistic al acad e mics and p ractitione rs wh ose unstinting contr ibutions to th e p reli minar y and continuing wo rk of the ECN te chnical comm ittee s have m ade the p rog ra mme p ossib le . Penny Ward h as h ad the d aunting task of fmalising the p rep aration of the m anuscript for p ub lic ation , and we are g rateful to her for he r skill an d forb e arance . PREFACE ECN in pro spe ct and in re trosp e ct Monito ring was an unfashion ab le wo rd in the 1980s . It wa s associate d with routine , unscientific ob se rv ation s which con tribute d little to the und erstand ing of environm ental chan ge .