Support for Farmers' Cooperatives Country Report The Netherlands Jos Bijman Ger van der Sangen Krijn J. Poppe Bart Doorneweert The 2011-2012 project „Support for Farmers‘ Cooperatives“ is commissioned and funded by the European Commission, DG Agriculture and Rural Development. Contract Number: 30-CE-0395921/00-42. The project is managed by Wageningen UR’s Agricultural Economics Research Institute LEI and Wageningen University. Project managers: Krijn J. Poppe and Jos Bijman. Other members of the consortium are: • Pellervo Economic Research PTT, Finland: Perttu Pyykkönen • University of Helsinki, Finland: Petri Ollila • Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Greece: Constantine Iliopoulos • Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany: Rainer Kühl • Humboldt University Berlin, Germany: Konrad Hagedorn, Markus Hanisch and Renate Judis • HIVA Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium: Caroline Gijselinckx • Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, The Netherlands: George Hendrikse and Tony Hak How to cite this report: Bijman, J., G. van der Sangen, K.J. Poppe and B. Doorneweert (2012). Support for Farmers’ Cooperatives; Country Report The Netherlands. Wageningen: Wageningen UR. Disclaimer: This study, financed by the European Commission, was carried out by a consortium under the management of LEI Wageningen UR. The conclusions and recommendations presented in this report are the sole responsibility of the research consortium and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Commission or anticipate its future policies. Support for Farmers' Cooperatives Country Report The Netherlands Jos Bijman Wageningen University, The Netherlands Ger van der Sangen Tilburg University, The Netherlands Krijn J. Poppe LEI Wageningen UR, The Netherlands Bart Doorneweert LEI Wagening UR, The Netherlands November 2012 Corresponding author: Jos Bijman Wageningen University Management Studies Group Hollandseweg 1 6707 JB Wageningen, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Preface and acknowledgements In order to foster the competitiveness of the food supply chain, the European Commission is committed to promote and facilitate the restructuring and consolidation of the agricultural sector by encouraging the creation of voluntary agricultural producer organisations. To support the policy making process DG Agriculture and Rural Development has launched a large study, “Support for Farmers’ Cooperatives (SFC)”, that will provide insights on successful cooperatives and producer organisations as well as on effective support measures for these organisations. These insights can be used by farmers themselves, in setting up and strengthening their collective organisation, and by the European Commission in its effort to encourage the creation of agricultural producer organisations in the EU. Within the framework of the SFC project this country report on the evolution of agricultural cooperatives in The Netherlands has been written. Data collection for this report has been done in the summer of 2011. In addition to this report, the project has delivered 26 other country reports, 8 sector reports, 33 case studies, 6 EU synthesis reports, a report on cluster analysis, a study on the development of agricultural cooperatives in other OECD countries, and a final report. The authors would like to thank Anne-Marie Niks for her help in collecting the data. We are grateful to Ruud Galle and Cynthia Griffioen, of the National Cooperative Council for Agriculture and Horticulture (NCR), for their constructive comments on a draft version of this report. The Country Report The Netherlands is one of the country reports that have been coordinated by Caroline Gijselinckx, HIVA University of Leuven, Belgium. The following figure shows the five regional coordinators of the “Support for Farmers’ Cooperatives” project. Table of contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 6 1.1 Objective of the study ....................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Analytical framework .......................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Definition of the cooperative ................................................................................................ 7 1.4 Method of data collection .................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Period under study ............................................................................................................. 7 2 Facts and figures on agriculture ................................................................. 8 2.1 Share of agriculture in the economy ..................................................................................... 8 2.2 Agricultural output per sector .............................................................................................. 8 2.3 Development in the number of farms .................................................................................... 9 2.4 Size of farms ................................................................................................................... 10 2.5 Age of farmers: distribution of farms to age classes .............................................................. 11 2.6 Specialisation of farm production........................................................................................ 12 2.7 Economic indicators of farms ............................................................................................. 13 3 Evolution, position and performance of cooperatives .................................. 14 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Types of cooperatives ....................................................................................................... 18 3.3 Market share of farmers' cooperatives in the food chain ......................................................... 21 3.4 List of top 5 largest farmers’ cooperatives per sector ............................................................. 24 3.5 Transnational cooperatives ................................................................................................ 25 4 Description of the evolution and position of individual cooperatives .............. 28 4.1 Data gathering per cooperative .......................................................................................... 28 4.2 Position in the food chain .................................................................................................. 28 4.3 Institutional environment .................................................................................................. 30 4.4 Internal Governance ......................................................................................................... 32 4.5 Performance of the cooperatives ........................................................................................ 34 5 Sector analysis ...................................................................................... 35 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 35 5.2 Cereals ........................................................................................................................... 35 5.3 Sugar ............................................................................................................................. 36 5.4 Fruit and vegetables ......................................................................................................... 37 5.5 Wine .............................................................................................................................. 39 5.6 Dairy ............................................................................................................................. 39 5.7 Sheep meat .................................................................................................................... 42 5.8 Pig meat ......................................................................................................................... 42 6 Overview of policy measures ................................................................... 45 6.1 Regulatory framework ...................................................................................................... 45 6.2 Policy measures ............................................................................................................... 46 6.3 Other legal issues: sector specific regulations ....................................................................... 48 7 Assessment of developments and role of policy measures ........................... 50 7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 50 7.2 Performance ................................................................................................................... 50 7.3 Institutional environment .................................................................................................. 51 7.4 Position in the food chain .................................................................................................. 53 7.5 Internal governance ......................................................................................................... 55 7.6 In conclusion