TEAMS IN AGILE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND EXAMINATION OF HUMAN FACTORS Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Wirtschaftswissenschaften Dr. rer. pol. bei der KIT-Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) genehmigte DISSERTATION von Karl Werder, M. Sc. Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19.05.2017 Referent: Prof. Dr. Alexander Mädche Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Sjaak Brinkkemper (Universität Utrecht) Karlsruhe, 2017 Table of Content Table of Content List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ III List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. IV Abbreviations List ..................................................................................................................................... VI Abstract .........................................................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................2 1.1. Problem Statement .......................................................................................................................2 1.2. Research Questions and Objectives .............................................................................................3 1.3. Research Design ..........................................................................................................................5 1.4. Thesis Structure ...........................................................................................................................6 2. Theoretical and Conceptual Foundations ..........................................................................................7 2.1. Agile Software Development ......................................................................................................7 2.2. User-centered Design ................................................................................................................11 2.3. Software Development Teams ...................................................................................................23 3. Design Principles for Agile Software Development .........................................................................28 3.1. Exploring Principles of User-Centered Agile Software Development: A Literature Review ...28 3.2. PDISC - A Method for Software Product Discovery ................................................................59 4. Human Factors of Agile Software Development..............................................................................84 4.1. Explaining the Emergence of Team Agility: A Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective .......84 4.2. Emotional Leaders in Open Source Development Teams - Examining Collaboration Structure and Function ...........................................................................................................................................112 5. Discussion ..........................................................................................................................................133 5.1. Summary of the Findings ........................................................................................................133 5.2. Theoretical Contributions ........................................................................................................134 5.3. Practical Contributions ............................................................................................................136 5.4. Limitations and Future Research .............................................................................................137 6. Conclusion .........................................................................................................................................139 I References .................................................................................................................................................140 Appendix A: Study 1 - Additional Codes ...............................................................................................174 Appendix B: Study 1 - Practices for UCASD .........................................................................................175 Appendix C: Study 1 - Search String Operationalization ....................................................................176 Appendix D: Study 2 – Overview of Final Articles ...............................................................................178 Appendix E: Study 3 - Interview Guidelines ..........................................................................................179 Appendix F: Study 4 – Extracting Emotions .........................................................................................184 Curriculum Vitae (short) – Karl Werder ...............................................................................................187 Publication List – Karl Werder ...............................................................................................................188 II List of Figures List of Figures Figure 1 – Overview of Research Questions and Research Results. ........................................................ 5 Figure 2 – Overview of the Studies in this Thesis. ................................................................................... 6 Figure 3 – Overview of the Research Gaps Identified in the Literature. .................................................. 7 Figure 4 – Overview of Models from Team Research. .......................................................................... 24 Figure 5 – Selection Process (Based on Dybå and Dingsøyr (2008)). ................................................... 34 Figure 6 – Number of Publications by Year. .......................................................................................... 39 Figure 7 – Number of Publications by Research Type. .......................................................................... 39 Figure 8 – Final Coding System for the Process, People/Social, Technology, and Practices Dimensions. ........................................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 9 – Codes and Articles Related to the Process Dimension. ........................................................ 43 Figure 10 – Codes and Number of Articles Related to the Continuous Stakeholder Involvement Principle. ........................................................................................................................................... 51 Figure 11 – Codes and Number of Articles Related to the Artifact-mediated Communication Principle. ........................................................................................................................................... 54 Figure 12 – Placing the Product Discovery Method within Existing Methods and Phases. ................... 62 Figure 13 – Search Strategy Diagram..................................................................................................... 64 Figure 14 – Cumulative Number of Publications. .................................................................................. 69 Figure 15 – The Diagram for the Software Product Discovery Method. ............................................... 79 Figure 16 – Proposed Team Agility Framework. ................................................................................... 95 Figure 17 – Research Model for Emotional Contagion in OSS Teams. ............................................... 120 Figure 18 – Codes and Number of Articles Related to Dimension “Practices”. .................................. 175 III List of Tables List of Tables Table 1 – Overview of Agility Definitions in Information Systems Research. ........................................ 8 Table 2 – Overview of Articles on the Introduction of Agile Software Development. ............................ 9 Table 3 – Overview of Articles on the Scalability and Maturity of Agile Software Development. ....... 10 Table 4 – Overview of Articles on the Performance Impacts of Agile Software Development. ........... 10 Table 5 – Overview of Articles on Agile Practices. ............................................................................... 11 Table 6 – Overview of User-centered Design Definitions in Information Systems Research. .............. 12 Table 7 – Overview of Activities and Practices in User-centered Design with Example References. ... 14 Table 8 – Principles of User-centered Design with Example References. ............................................. 15 Table 9 – Process Characteristics in User-centered Design with Example References. ........................ 17 Table 10 – Social and People-related aspects of User-centered Design with Example References. ...... 19 Table 11 – Technologies and Artifacts in User-centered Design with Example References. ................ 21 Table 12 – Rationales for User-centered Design with Example References. ......................................... 23 Table 13 – Composition of the Search String. ........................................................................................ 33 Table 14 – Criteria for Quality Assessment. .........................................................................................