Thèse de doctorat présentée à la Faculté des Lettres de l'Université de Fribourg (Suisse) Aparchai and Phoroi A New Commented Edition of the Athenian Tribute Quota Lists and Assessment Decrees Part I : Text Björn Paarmann (Danemark) 2007 Contents Preface 3 Introduction 7 Research History 16 The Tribute Lists as a Historical Source 37 Chapter 1. The Purpose of the Tribute Lists 40 1.1 The Tribute Quota Lists 40 1.1.1 Archives or Symbols? 40 1.1.2 Archives? 40 1.1.2 Accounts? 42 1.1.3 Votives? 43 1.1.4 Conclusion 50 1.2 The Assessment Decrees 52 1.3. Conclusion: Θεοί and θεδι 53 Chapter 2. The Geographical Distribution of the Ethnics 55 2.1 The Organisation of the Quota Lists 55 2.2 The Interpretation of the Data 58 2.3 Conclusion 63 Chapter 3. Tribute Amount and the Size of the Pokis 64 3.1 Tribute Amount and Surface Area 64 3.2 Examination of the Evidence 73 3.3 Conclusion 77 Chapter 4. Ethnics and Toponyms in the Tribute Lists 78 Conclusion: On the Shoulders of Giants 87 Future Perspectives 91 Appendix: Size of the Members of the Delian League 92 Bibliography 97 Plates 126 Preface A new edition of the tribute quota lists and assessment decrees needs, if not an excuse, then perhaps at least an explanation. Considering the primary importance of these historical sources, it is astonishing how little attention has been paid to the way they have been edited by Meritt, McGregor and Wade-Gery in The Athenian Tnbute Lists (ATL) I-IV from 1939-1953 and by Meritt in Inscnptiones Graecae (IG I3) 254-291 from 1981 during the last several decades.1 This negligence on the part of contemporary scholars, both ancient historians and, more surprisingly, also Greek epigraphists, stands in sharp contrast to the central place the lists take in academic articles, monographs and history books dealing with Greek history of the fifth century BC. If many have noticed that something was wrong and that someday eventually someone would have to undertake a re-edition of the whole, no project existed, as far as I could see, with exactly this purpose.2 The unsatisfying state of the current editions explains why I wanted to try do a new one myself. In presenting a new edition of the Athenian Tribute Lists, the primary and initial objective has been to improve on an already existing presentation of an important historical source. I wished to correct what I believe are too optimistic renderings of what is actually preserved on the stones. Where the main purpose has been to improve on an already existing edition, the secondary purpose of the thesis is to provide what I thought was missing from the previous ones. The introduction to the tribute lists and the research history fill a lacuna in the available material on fifth century history. Finally, in order not just to establish a catalogue of the inscriptions, but also to present a discussion on the ways the tribute lists have been used in recent scholarship, I present a study on the nature of the sources, followed by three chapters on their value for estabHshing the geographical position of the member states, their political status and their size and resources. I will leave it to the reader to judge whether the requirements for an epigraphical edition have been met. A multitude of points of disagreement are inevitable, and a bulk of the 3,000 entries as printed, restored or commented can be subject to dispute. What I do hope is that the final product, with all its shortcomings, will illustrate better than previous editions what is actually left of the tribute lists, on the one hand, and how these inscriptions can be used as a historical source, on the other . 1 On a general lack of interest in the Athenian Empire and epigraphy in the same period see Stroud 2006, 9-10. 2 I have later heard that Professor Thomas Figueira is planning a re-edition, but I do not know if his plan has materialized, and if that is the case, how far along he would be by now. 3 The establishment and the lay-out of the hsts have been the most time- consuming task, and it was originally intended as the core of the PhD-dissertation. There was a considerable amount of trial-and-error and learning-by-doing involved before I found an appropriate way of rendering the Hsts, the apparatus and the epigraphical commentary. The method chosen in this edition is based on the current way of editing inscriptions, with some modifications. After each text there follows an apparatus giving all the possible restitutions of the list in question. But contrary to normal practice, the epigraphical commentary is presented list by list in a separate volume. The first volume, Text, is the present introduction to the tribute hsts and the assessment decrees, including a research history and four historical chapters, the second volume is the Catalogue of these Hsts and the third is the Epigraphical Commentary to the Hsts. This choice has been made to faciHtate the reading of the texts. If the epigraphical commentary were incorporated in the apparatus below, the latter would take up so much place that it would ruin the lay-out. The consultation of the texts has therefore been given higher priority than the possibiHty of presenting the Hsts and the commentary in one place. I hope that readers wül agree that this is the best solution.3 For some time I considered editing and commenting the quota Hsts only. Given their reHgious character, they could have been printed in isolation. A monograph consecrated to the quota Hsts would emphasize the sacred character of this source. The corresponding disadvantage is that the quota Hsts and assessment decrees are intimately Hnked, and that ancient historians normaUy would be interested in consulting both sources simultaneously when looking for the attestations of the members of the Athenian League. A thesis is a personal engagement, but many friends and scholars have been directly or indirectly involved. First I would like to thank Thomas Heine Nielsen, who invited me to do my master thesis under the auspices of the Copenhagen Polis Centre. I owe much to Mogens Herman Hansen, who suggested that I work on the tribute Hsts and who has been an unfailing support ever since. He has read an early version of the historical chapters and made very useful suggestions for Chapter 3 in particular. My thesis-supervisor Marcel Piérart engaged me as assistant-teacher at the University of Fribourg, which permitted me to stay in Fribourg during the four years that I worked on the thesis. He has also helped me come through when it aU looked most dark. His famiHarity with the Hsts has been a great contributing factor to my final 3 I thank Marcel Piérart, for having suggested separating the proposals for restorations from the epigraphical commentary. 4 work, and I am infinitely grateful for his help and comments both on the historical chapters and the epigraphical corpus. This thesis would not have seen the light of day had former Director of The Epigraphical Museum in Athens, Charalambos Kritzas, been reluctant to give unlimited access to the tribute quota list and assessment decrees. On the contrary, he has on three different occasions permitted me to study all the fragments, both the ones exposed in the public rooms as well as the fragments which are kept in the storeroom of the Museum. Kritzas and his entire staff have always been extremely kind and helpful, and their attentiveness has made long days spent on examination of the stones less tedious. I wish to thank the three consecutive directors of the Danish Institute at Athens, Signe Isager, Jörgen Mejer and Erik Hallager for having hosted me for three periods during altogether six months in the guest house of the Institute, thereby permitting me to study the tribute lists directly and to profit from the foreign institutions in Athens, mainly the American School at Athens, L'école Française d'Athènes and the Nordic Library. Thanks to Gunver Skytte, former director of the Danish Institute in Rome, I have been able to study one month there and to use the libraries, especially the ones of the German Archaological Institute and of the American School in Rome. The hospitality of these two institutions and their librarians is exemplary. I am grateful also to the American School in Athens and its former Director Stephen Tracy and former Mellon Professor James P. Sickinger for their help and advice at an early stage of my research. In the Epigraphical Museum I got assistance from Stephen Tracy and Angelos Matthaiou on readings direcdy on the stones. For the consultation of the oldest available squeezes I have benefitted from the kindness of Dr. Klaus Hallof who gave me access to those made by Kirchhoff, kept in the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. On different occasions Lisa Kallet has willingly exchanged points of view on the tribute quota lists with me and has sent me an abstract of her important article on the isolated fragments which has been the back-bone for the discussion of these in the dissertation. Christian Gorm Tortzen handed me his computer when my own suffered a break down. Monica Thon and Ditte Schwartz helped me in the process of transferring the fragments to megapixels. Christian Zubler, Adam Schwartz and Roger and Denise de la Perelle have read a draft and corrected the English in three different historical chapters.