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INTRODUCTION Table 1. List of valid species within the genus Neolissochilus Rainboth 1985, their distribution and IUCN threat status The cyprinid genus, Neolissochilus Rainboth, 1985, Species Distribution IUCN Status comprises of 25 species of medium to large sized barbs, Neolissochilus baoshanensis (Chen China Data Deficient of which 22 are known to occur in Southeast Asia (see & Yang, 1999) Neolissochilus benasi (Pellegrin & China, Vietnam Data Deficient Kottelat 2013) and seven in the Indian subcontinent Chevey, 1936) (Table 1). They are important game fishes in parts of Neolissochilus blanci (Pellegrin & Cambodia, Laos, Near South and Southeast Asia (Jhingran 1977; Khaironizam Fang, 1940) Thailand, Vietnam Threatened 2010) and are also known to occur in the aquarium Neolissochilus blythi (Day, 1870) Myanmar Data Deficient Neolissochilus bovanicus*(Day, Critically India pet trade (Khaironizam 2010). Sixteen species of 1877) Endangered Neolissochilus have been assessed for their conservation Neolissochilus compressus (Day, Uncertain - probably Not Assessed status, of which, two species have been assessed as 1870) Myanmar ‘Critically Endangered’, two as ‘Vulnerable’, three as Neolissochilus dukai (Day, 1878) India Data Deficient Neolissochilus hendersoni (Herre, ‘Near Threatened’, four as ‘Least Concern’ and five as Malay Peninsula Not Assessed 1940) ‘Data Deficient’ (see Table 1; and also species specific Neolissochilus heterostomus (Chen China Not Assessed accounts on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species at & Yang, 1999) Bangladesh, China www.iucnredlist.org). Neolissochilus hexagonolepis India, Indonesia, Not Assessed The Wayanad Mahseer, Neolissochilus wynaadensis (McClelland, 1839) Malaysia, Myanmar, (Day, 1873) is one of two species within the genus that Nepal, Thailand Neolissochilus hexastichus Near India, Myanmar occurs in peninsular India; the other being N. bovanicus, (McClelland, 1839) Threatened Neolissochilus longipinnis (Weber & found in the Bhavani River. Day (1873; p528) described Sumatra and Java Not Assessed Barbus (Barbodes) wynaadensis, from Vythiri, Wayanad Beaufort, 1916) Neolissochilus nigrovittatus Myanmar Data Deficient and reported it to be a common species in the larger (Boulenger, 1893) Neolissochilus paucisquamatus streams of the region, growing up to a length of 200 mm Myanmar, Thailand Least Concern (Smith, 1945) (also see Day 1878, p 568; 1889, p 313). The species Neolissochilus soro (Valenciennes, Indonesia Not Assessed was considered to be endemic to the streams in the 1842) Neolissochilus soroides (Duncker, Cambodia, Malaysia, Wayanad region of Kerala, until Manimekalan (1998) Least Concern 1904) Thailand and subsequently, Yazdani et al. (2001) recorded it from Neolissochilus spinulosus India Data Deficient Mudumalai, Tamil Nadu and Arunachalam et al. (2005) (McClelland, 1845 ) Neolissochilus stevensonii (Day, recorded it from Abbey Falls near Madikeri, Kodagu, Myanmar Data Deficient 1870) Karnataka. Cambodia, Myanmar, Neolissochilus stracheyi (Day, 1871) Least Concern Neolissochilus wynaadensis has been considered to India, Thailand Neolissochilus subterraneus be a rare species with several surveys in and around the Thailand Vulnerable Vidthayanon & Kottelat, 2003 type locality, failing to collect this species, and very few Neolissochilus sumatranus (Weber Indonesia, Thailand Not Assessed records available in the recent ichthyological literature & Beaufort, 1916) Neolissochilus thienemmani (Ahl, which are backed by voucher specimens (see Abraham Indonesia Vulnerable 1933) 2011). Due to its restricted distribution and severe Neolissochilus tweediei (Herre & Malaysia Not Assessed population declines (up to 80%) in the last decade, N. Myers, 1937) Neolissochilus vittatus (Smith, wynaadensis has been listed as ‘Critically Endangered’ Myanmar, Thailand Least Concern 1945) in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Abraham Neolissochilus wynaadensis (Day, Critically India 2011). 1873) Endangered As part of the on-going project on the ‘Lost fishes of *generic status as per Pethiyagoda et al. (2012) Western Ghats’, which aims to document the status and distribution of the region’s rarest species (see Ali et al. 2013 a,b,c) we obtained specimens of N. wynaadensis MATERIALS AND METHODS (Image 1 a,b,c) from its type locality (Wayanad) as well as several locations in Kodagu District, Karnataka. This Materials examined paper serves to document these records, and discuss Neolissochilus wynaadensis, CRG-SAC.2013.109-110, the current distribution, threats and conservation status 07.x.2013, 2 ex., 126.45–139.83 mm SL, off the of this species. In the wake of this new information, we road from Mukkodlu to Surlabi, Kodagu, 12.5010N & also propose a revised Red List status for N. wynaadensis. 75.7570E, Cauvery River, Karnataka, India, coll. Raghavan Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2014 | 6(5): 5686–5699 5687 Conservation status of the Wayanad Mahseer Ali et al. © K. Krishnakumar a © Jörg Freyhof © Jörg b © Jörg Freyhof © Jörg c Image 1. Neolissochilus wynaadensis from Kodagu and Wayanad; (a) freshly preserved adult specimen from Thirunelli, Wayanad [CRG- SAC.2013.113; 83.97 mm SL]; (b) live adult specimen from near Mukkodlu, Kodagu [CRG-SAC.2013.109; 126.45mm SL]; (c) live juvenile specimen from near Bhagamandala, Kodagu [not preserved] [images not to scale]