DEPARTMeNT OF DEFENSE FACILITIES- WORLD WAR II PERMANENT CONSTRUhttp://aee-www.apgea.army.mil:8080/prod/usaee!eqlconserv/ww2pel.htm ~ - Delivery Order 21 Contract No. DACW31-89-D-0059 US Army Corps of Engineers-Baltimore District HISTORIC CONTEXT FOR DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FACILITIES WORLD WAR II PERMANENT CONSTRUCTION May 1997 R. Christopher Goodwin and Associates, Inc. 241 E. Fourth Street Suite 100 Frederick, Maryland 21701 FINAL REPORT June 1997 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Historic Context for Department of Defense (DoD) World War H Permanent Construction combines two previous reports: Historic Context for Department of Defense Facilities World War H Permanent Construction (Hirrel et al., draft June 1994) and Methodology for World War H Permanent Construction (Whelan, draft August 1996). This project was designed to meet the following objectives: • To analyze and synthesize historical data on the military's permanent construction program during World War H. • To assist DoD cultural resource managers and other DoD personnel with fulfilling their responsibilities under the National Historic Preservation Act (NHP A) of 1966, as amended. Section 110 of the NHPA requires federal agencies to identity, evaluate, and nominate to the National Register of Historic Places historic properties under their jurisdiction. Section 110 Guidelines, developed by the National Park Service, U.S. Department ofthe Interior, direct federal agencies to establish historic contexts to identifY and evaluate historic properties (53FR 4727-46). • To develop a consistent historic context framework that provides comparative data and background information in a cost-effective manner, which will allow DoD personnel to assess the relative significance of World War II military construction. • To develop a standardized methodology for the identification and evaluation of World War II permanent construction. The report is divided into two parts. Part I examines the historical, architectural, and technological development of permanent facilities constructed on behalf of, and by, the military on the home front during World War II. Part II provides a framework for identifYing and evaluating DoD permanent facilities constructed during World War II applying the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. The military's World War II construction program was a massive effort that expended billions of dollars 1 of 158 12/17/97 14:48:40 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FACILITIES- WORLD WAR II PERMANENT CONSTRUhttp://aec-www.apgea.army.mi1:8080/prodiusaec!eqlconserv/,vw2 _pc 1.l;!tm in the construction of thousands of facilities. While no one facility made the difference in the result of the war of resources, the cumulative effect of the effort was a decisive factor in the allied victory. Preliminary analysis of DoD real property data indicates that approximately 55,000 buildings currently classified as permanent and semi-permanent constructed during the World War II era are included in the DoD real property inventory. World War II-era properties now meet the 50-year age requirement of the National Register of Historic Places. This study describes the reasons for permanent vs. temporary construction and the role of permanent construction in the overall war effort. This project was designed to assist DoD with the execution of their responsibilities under Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHP A) of 1966, as amended, and to fulfill the legislative purposes of the Legacy Program. R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc., undertook this project on behalf of the Department of Defense, through the Baltimore District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, as a demonstration project for the DoD Legacy Resource Management Program. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY III LIST OF TABLES 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Cultural Resources in the Department of Defense 1 Project Description 1 Legislative Background Project Objectives Application of the Historic Context for DoD Facilities World War II Permanent Construction Information Needed 3 __Identification of Historic Properties 3 __Evaluation of Historic Properties 4 __Treatment of Historic Properties 4 Relationship to Other DoD Context Studies 12/17/97 14:49:57 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FACILITIES- WORLD WAR II PERMANENT CONSTRUhttp://aec-www.apgea.army.mil:8080/prod/usaec/eqlconserv/ww2_pcl.htm Methodology __Archival Research 5 __Field Survey 6 __Data Synthesis and Analysis 6 Project Background z Report Organization II. WORLD WAR II PERMANENT CONSTRUCTION HISTORIC CONTEXT AND ASSOCIATED PROPERTY TYPES 11 Definition of the Historic Context 11 Types of Construction: Permanent vs. Temporary Property Types Associated with World War II Permanent Construction __Construction and Installation Types 14 __Buildings and Structures 15 P ART I - Historical Overview III. BACKGROUND OF THE MILITARY WORLD WAR II PERMANENT CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM The U. S. Military after World War I The Beginnings of War Military Operations __Europe 31 Asia and the Pacific 32 Organization of the Military Establishment 3 of 158 12/17/97 14:49:59 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FACILITIES- WORLD WAR II PERMANENT CONSTRUhttp://aec-www.apgea.army.mil:8080/prodlusaec/eqlconserv1,~w2jlcU~tm __Army 32 __Navy 33 IV. THE HOME FRONT AND MILITARY CONSTRUCTION 37 World War II on the American Home Front 37 Military Construction and Wartime Logistics 39 V. COMMAND PERMANENT CONSTRUCTION 47 Combat Operations and Coastal Defense 47 Hawaii 47 Alaska 48 United States 52 Navy Yards 52 Navy Bases and Stations 60 Training Installations 64 Army Air Forces Installations 73 Navy and Marine Corps Air Stations 85 Storage and Logistics Functions 92 __War Department 92 __Navy Department 98 Research, Development, and Testing 100 Medical Facilities 111 Strategic Communications 118 4 of 15R 12117/97 14:50:00 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FACILITIES- WORLD WAR II PERMANENT CONSTRUhttp://aec-www.apgea.army.mil:8080/prod/usaec/eq/conserv/ww2~cl.htm VI. INDUSTRIAL PERMANENT CONSTRUCTION Ammunition Production Artillery and Associated Components Tank Production Chemical Warfare Service Facilities Navy Ordnance Production Facilities Aircraft Production and Assembly Social Conditions New Workers 147 __Living Conditions and Effects on Local Economies 153 Conclusion VII. SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS: THE PENTAGON AND THE MANHATTAN PROJECT The Pentagon The Manhattan Project and the Atomic Bomb VIII. EXPLOSIVES Department of Ordnance Works Propellants High Explosives 177 Production Facilities IX. ASSEMBLY OF LARGE AMMUNITION Development of Ammunition Assembly Plants 50fl58 12/17/9714:50:01 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FACILITIES- WORLD WAR II PERMANENT CONSTRUhttp://aec-www.apgea.army.mil:8080/prod!usaec!eq!conserv!?JW2ycl.htm Projectiles Propellants Production Facilities X. SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION XI. AMMUNITION DEPOTS Ammunition Depot Design Ammunition Depot Facilities XII. MODERN INDUSTRIAL ARClllTECTURE AND THE RISE OF THE WORLD WAR II INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX European Roots of the 1930s Industrial Building American Roots of the 193 Os Industrial Building Characteristics of the 193 Os Industrial Building 211 Influence of Albert Kahn World War II Military Industrial Facilities 213 Conclusion PART II - Application of the Historic Context XIII. IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF lllSTORIC PROPERTIES Background Identification __Objectives 236 __Methodology 236 Evaluation 6 of 158 12/17/97 14:50:03 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FACILITIES- WORLD WAR II PERMANENT CONSTRUhttp://aec-www.apgea.army.mil:8080/prod/usaec/eq/conserv/ww2_pcl.htm National Register Criteria for Evaluation National Register Categories of Historic Properties Evaluating Properties Within Historic Contexts Issues Related to Evaluating Properties Using the World War II Permanent Construction Historic Context __Historic District vs. Individual Eligibility 240 __Comparing Related Properties 240 __Properties Significant Within More than One Historic Context 241 __Levels of Significance 241 Applying the National Register Criteria for Evaluation Criterion A: Association with Events 242 __Criterion B: Association with People 242 __Criterion C: Design/Construction 243 Criterion D: Information Potential 244 Integrity __National Register Aspects of Integrity 245 Integrity Issues Related to W orId War II Construction __Re-categorization of Temporary Construction as Permanent or Semi-Permanent 246 Continued Use Over Time 246 __Industrial, Scientific, and Technical Facilities 247 Criteria Considerations __Religious Properties 247 7 of 158 12/17/97 14:50:04 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FACILITIES- WORLD WAR II PERMANENT CONSTRUhttp://aec-www.apgea.army.mil:8080/prod/usaecleq/conservlVvw2_pcl.htm __Moved Properties 247 Graves and Birthplaces 247 Cemeteries 247 __Reconstructed Properties 248 __Commemorative Properties 248 __Properties Less than Fifty Years Old 248 National Historic Landmarks XIV. APPLICATION OF THE EVALUATION METHODOLOGY TO WORLD WAR II 251 PERMANENT CONSTRUCTION World War II Properties Previously Listed in the National Register 251 Evaluation Methodology 251 Aircraft Production and Assembly __Significance 257 __Registration Requirements 257 __Examples 257 Airfields and Air Stations __Significance 257 __Registration Requirements 258 __Examples 258 Ammunition Depots __Significance 259 __Registration Requirements 259 12/17/97 14:50:06 DEPARTMEN! OF DEFENSE FACILITIES- WORLD WAR II PERMANENT CONSTRUhttp://aec-www.apgea.army.mil:8080/prod/usaec/eqlconserv/ww2_pcl.htm __Examples 260 Chemical Warfare Service Facilities 260 __Significance 260 __Registration Requirements 260 __Examples 261 Coastal Defense