Volume X 2015 Explorations The Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities for the State of North Carolina http://uncw.edu/csurf/Explorations/explorations.html [email protected] Center for the Support of Undergraduate Research and Fellowships UNCW Honors College Randall Library, room 2007 University of North Carolina Wilmington Wilmington, NC 28403 copyright © 2015 by the University of North Carolina Wilmington Cover photographs: Beach: Logan P. Prochaska Piedmont: Logan P. Prochaska Mountain: Logan P. Prochaska ISBN: 978-0-9908-932-2-6 Original Design by The Publishing Laboratory Department of Creative Writing University of North Carolina Wilmington 601 South College Road Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 www.uncw.edu/writers Produced by Center for the Support of Undergraduate Research and Fellowships Honors College University of North Carolina Wilmington 601 South College Road Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 http://uncw.edu/csurf/Explorations/explorations.html Staff Editor-in-Chief Katherine E. Bruce, PhD Director, Honors College and Center for the Support of Undergraduate Research and Fellowships Professor of Pyschology University of North Carolina Wilmington Visual Arts Editor Edward Irvine, MPD Associate Professor of Studio Art University of North Carolina Wilmington Consultant Jennifer Horan, PhD Associate Professor of Political Science Associate Director, Honors College University of North Carolina Wilmington Copy Editor Catharine Nealley Psychology Graduate Student CSURF Graduate Assistant University of North Carolina Wilmington Layout Designer Logan P. Prochaska Assistant Editor Pre-Communication Studies Major University of North Carolina Wilmington 2015 Board of Reviewers Acchia Albury, PhD Glen Harris, PhD Assistant Professor Associate Professor Department of Biology Department of History Wingate University University of North Carolina Wilmington Catherine Bush, PhD Jennifer Horan, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor Associate Professor Department of Biology Department of Public and International Elon University Affairs Associate Director, Honors College Tuan Cao, PhD University of North Carolina Wilmington Lecturer Department of Biological Sciences Courtney Johnson, MFA University of North Carolina at Charlotte Assistant Professor Department of Art and Art History Michael Deckard, PhD University of North Carolina Wilmington Assistant Professor Department of Philosophy Rosalie Kern, PhD Lenoir–Rhyne University Associate Professor Department of Psychology Wade Dudley, PhD Pfeiffer University Teaching Associate Professor Department of History Melanie Lee-Brown, PhD East Carolina University Associate Professor Department of Biology Elizabeth Fournier, PhD Director of Undergraduate Research & Professor Creative Endeavors Department of History, Government and Guilford College Public Policy Saint Augustine’s University Yaqin Li, PhD Assistant Professor Donald Furst, MFA Department of History and Political Professor Science Department of Art and Art History Meredith College University of North Carolina Wilmington James I. Martin, Sr., PhD Stephanie George, PhD Associate Professor Assistant Professor Department of History College of Engineering Campbell University East Carolina University John Myers, PhD Orestes Gooden, MAS Associate Professor emeritus Lecturer Department of Art and Art History Aviation Science Program Honors College Elizabeth City State University University of North Carolina Wilmington Kate Nooner, PhD With special thanks and appreciation to the Associate Professor faculty mentors and volunteer reviewers. Department of Psychology University of North Carolina Wilmington Joseph Pawlik, PhD Professor Department of Biology and Marine Biology University of North Carolina Wilmington Charles V. Reed, PhD Assistant Professor Department of History Elizabeth City State University Mark Smith, PhD Professor Department of Psychology Davidson College Jaclyn Stanke, PhD Associate Professor Department of History Campbell University Ceiléssia Williams, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Natural and Physical Sciences Saint Augustine’s University Shan Yan, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Charlotte Taek You, PhD Associate Professor Department of Biological Sciences Campbell University Table of Contents 1 Letter from the Editor Humanities 5 Without Due Process: Lynching in North Carolina 1880-1900 Sarah Burke, East Carolina University Creative Work 18 Weathered Aleah Michelle Howard, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Biological Sciences 22 To Fly or Not to Fly? An Observation of the Effects of Simulated Microgravity on the Flight Muscles of the House Cricket, Acheta domesticus Kaitlyn C. Leonard, Wingate University 28 Altered Immune Function in Space: Implications of a Gravity Sensitive Cytoskeleton Sejiro Littleton and Dylan Ludwick, Davidson College 46 Together is Better: The Importance of Heterotrophy and Photoautotrophic Symbiosis for Growth of the Sea Anemone Aiptasia pallida Jack Cushman Koch, University of North Carolina Wilmington Creative Work 62 Drowning Courtney Hockett, University of North Carolina at Pembroke Engineering 68 Miniaturizing Photoplethysmography for Use in a Multifunctional Health Monitoring Device with Applications for Asthma Analysis Brinnae Bent, North Carolina State University Creative Work 76 A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Jack Twiddy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Social Sciences 80 Sensory Sensitivities of Young Adults with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders Kendyl L. Cole, Meredith College 92 Rapid Acquisition of Preference in Concurrent Chains: Effects of Morphine on Sensitivity to Reinforcement Amount William D. Fetzner, University of North Carolina Wilmington 112 About the Student Authors 114 About the Faculty Mentors 116 Submission Process Letter from the Editor e are pleased to present volume me to move Explorations to UNCW in time WX of Explorations, the Journal of to produce the 2009 volume, and we have Undergraduate Research and Creative now published seven volumes at UNCW. At Activities for the State of North Carolina. UNCW we are fortunate to have a very suc- For the fourth year, we have both scholarly cessful Publishing Laboratory that devel- articles and creative works. Again this year, oped the current look of Explorations, plus I appreciate the assistance of Ned Irvine as I have a great team of students who have Visual Arts Editor. His contributions and ex- done the layout for recent issues. This year, pertise are invaluable. I am indebted to Ms. Logan Prochaska, our associate editor and layout designer and This year we include seven papers and a member of the UNCW Honors College three creative pieces, selected from 19 sub- Media Board; she has done an amazing job missions from students at eleven different with layout and keeping me on schedule. I colleges or universities in North Carolina. also thank Jennifer Horan, Peggy Styes and Topics range from North Carolina history Morgan Alexander for day-to-day support to engineering, from symbiotic relation- in the Honors College office. ships to effects of space on physiological functioning, from autism to impulsive be- I am also very appreciative of the effort havior. Our creative works include several that the 25 ad hoc reviewers spent provid- different media, as well as an accompany- ing timely and thoughtful reviews of the ing flash fiction piece. Eight different pub- submissions this summer. These are the lic and private schools are represented. folks who ensure the continued quality of Explorations. They offer very positive con- It is useful each year to provide a bit structive feedback to the student authors. of background about Explorations. I can hardly believe the journal has been a re- So in the spirit of the excitement that ality for ten years! In 2005, the State of fresh approaches to research and dis- North Carolina Undergraduate Research covery bring, we offer you volume X of and Creativity Symposium, affectionately Explorations. known as SNCURCS (pronounced “Snick- ers”) was first held, and educators from all colleges, universities, community colleges, and high schools were invited to participate. Now in its 11th year, SNCURCS offers a venue for undergraduates to present their Katherine Bruce, PhD research and creative efforts. Explorations was the brainchild of the 2005 meeting, and we are thankful that Michael Bassman and East Carolina University organized and published the first three volumes. In 2008, the late George Barthalamus, former Di- rector of Undergraduate Research at NCSU and the visionary behind our state-wide undergraduate research efforts, convinced 1 2 Humanities 3 Sarah Burke Without Due Process: Lynching in North Carolina 1880-1900 Sarah Burke East Carolina University Faculty Mentor: Wade Dudley East Carolina University ABSTRACT In North Carolina, the last two decades of the nineteenth century were marked by significant sociopolitical changes. Attempts for improvement in areas like education and agriculture were challenged by the never-ending struggle for power between the state’s various political par- ties. As North Carolinians attempted to reconcile traditional values with the shifting political climate, lynching emerged as a brutally visible symbol of the tumultuous internal struggle. Between 1880 and 1900, North Carolina recorded fifty-eight lynchings. Of the victims, forty- five were black and thirteen were white. Although race certainly played a significant role in lynchings, it was not the only deciding