The Role of Deacidification in the Library’s Preservation Program Thomas H. Teper Associate Dean of Libraries for Collections Outline • What is deacidification? • Why was it developed? • Deacidification’s Goals • Use of Deacidification in Research Libraries – The Carl Sandburg Collection: A Case Study • The Ongoing Role of Deacidification in Research Libraries What is Deacidification? • Deacidification – a process that artificially elevates the pH of acidic paper. The treatment neutralizes the acids in paper and leaves an alkaline buffer. – Traditionally completed during intensive conservation treatment of single items. – Although many processes were developed, the greatest advocate was William J. Barrow, a pioneering scholar that completed his research in the 1940’s – 1960’s What is Mass Deacidification? • Mass Deacidification – The treatment of large quantities of acidic library and archival materials with the intent of neutralizing acids within the paper and creating an alkaline buffer. • What motivated the development of mass deacidification? Industrialism & the Rise of Literacy • Increased need for reading materials spurred innovations that sped the production of paper, books, and other reading materials. Causes of Embrittlement • An old story… – The end of rag paper…. – Industrialized Production – Inherent Vice – External contaminants • Additional Factors – Poor environmental conditions Brittle Books Crisis • In the course of a few decades, the Brittle Books Crisis emerged… Goals of Deacidification • Library of Congress – Neutralize acid and add alkaline reserve – Evenly distribute pH between 6.8 and 10.4 in book – Successful process can not: • Cause damage to adhesives, inks, or dyes • Leave odor or cause pigment change in paper • Reduce mechanical strength of book or paper Goals of Deacidification (Further Refined) • Slovak University of Technology • Chemicals must be safe • Process can be applied to any type of paper • Process can not cause swelling or warping of paper Deacidification Processes • Aqueous – Require testing for water sensitivity – Suitable for unbound, single items – Traditionally associated with item level conservation • Non-Aqueous – Use solvents or gasses as carriers – Suitable for treating bound and unbound materials – Suitable for both mass treatments and single items through spray application Case Study: Sandburg Papers • Why this collection? – Journalist – Poet – Historian – Biographer – Folklorist – Musician – Also… • Rural Populist • Urban Labor advocate • Occasional Leftist • Purported Romeo Sandburg Monographs: Needs • Condition Assessment – Test for acidity and brittleness – Evaluate value – Identify Conservation Needs • Repair – Simple, Complex and Everything Between • Rehousing – Protective enclosures for brittle items Sandburg Monographs: Deacidification • Commercial process – Non-aqueous deacidification – Vendor packs, transports, treats, and returns items to shelf • Benefits: – Arrests deterioration – Brittle items remain brittle, but stable • Challenges: – Inventorying items – Preserving Research Notes Sandburg Manuscripts: Evaluation • Graduate Student employee reviewed items for treatment • What were we searching for? – Chemically sensitive materials and media – Valuable or fragile items – Items requiring removal – Clippings Sandburg Manuscripts: Treatment • Rehousing Manuscripts – Simple rehousing – Complicated rehousing problems – Paper conservation and repair for materials requiring in- house deacidification • Reformatting Clippings – Preservation photocopying Sandburg Manuscripts: Deacidification • Vendor packing and transportation of items • Challenges with this? – None with the deacidification itself – Problems stemmed from: • Assessing Insured value • Processing – from general materials to Sandburg’s “packets” • Developing intellectual control that is suitable to provide access to scholars and satisfy the curator’s requirements Sandburg Project: Additional Work • Rehousing Manuscript Collections and Reformatting Clippings (as noted) • Rehousing and Scanning of Photograph Collections • Rehousing and Reformatting of Audio-Visual Collections • Revising Finding Aids • Creating Metadata The Use of Deacidification in Research Libraries • Treatment processes exist for monographs, musical scores, pamphlets, and manuscripts. – Types of materials: • Highly valuable monographs – monumental works in music • Highly susceptible monographs – area studies materials (including special formats) • Highly print-dependent materials – musical scores • Culturally important collections – U.S. imprints at L.C. • Literary manuscripts – papers of James Thurber, Carl Sandburg, and others. The Future of Deacidification in Research Libraries • The landscape has changed – radically. – Mass Deacidification – first Library of Congress contract was for 72,000 volumes. – Mass Digitization – first mass digitization project announced called for digitization of over 7,000,000 bound volumes. The Future of Deacidification in Research Libraries • In hindsight, what has been treated? – Special Collections… • If not culturally valuable, locally valued special collections materials. What is the Role of Deacidification in Research Libraries? • Deacidification will continue to be a treatment method for special collections. – Depository Collections – Archival Materials – Manuscripts – Special Collections – High value items – Mixed Media Collections Questions?.