Volume 2, No. 3 2012 ISSN 2162-6421 (online) 8/1/2012 Vol. 2, No. 3 | CTX EDITORIAL STAFF From the Editor MICHAEL FREEMAN Executive Editor ANNA SIMONS Executive Editor Welcome to the fifth issue of the Combating Terrorism Exchange, beginning ELIZABETH SKINNER Managing Editor the second full year of the journal’s publication. You will notice changes RYAN STUART Design & Layout to the look of the CTX right away, particularly the bold new cover design. Graphic designer Ryan Stuart has used the three months since the last issue TAMMY DITMORE Copy Editor to rethink the look of the entire journal, and we hope you like the results as much as we do. We are also excited to see our submissions inbox bringing EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD us a variety of papers from an increasing number of sources. If you have VICTOR ASAL something you’d like us to look at, please read the submissions guidelines University at Albany SUNY (on the final page) and send it in. ALEJANDRA BOLANOS National Defense University This issue brings together a selection of articles that, somewhat unusually LAWRENCE CLINE for this journal, tend more toward the scholarly than the operational, with Naval Postgraduate School a couple of notable exceptions. Andy Kraag leads off with the story of the STEPHEN DI RIENZO Netherlands Maritime Special Operations Force (NL MARSOF). Created National Intelligence University from two small SOF units to improve efficiency, the force found that cultural SAJJAN GOHEL differences between them badly undermined overall effectiveness. Kraag Asia Pacific Foundation was able to use analytical research and his SOF background to give the unit’s command the information it needed to make vital changes that improved SEBASTIAN GORKA morale and ensured the group’s continued operational effectiveness. National Defense University JAKUB GRYGIEL Nate Moir suggests an equally innovative take on the current Civil Affairs School of Advanced International Teams that are working in Afghanistan. His proposed Civilian Casualty Studies Management Team would combine the training and experience of the THOMAS MARKS existing units with networked communications and specialized training to National Defense University better help communities deal with war-related deaths and injuries. Not only THOMAS MOCKAITIS is this good in itself, Moir notes, but it could serve to undermine anti- DePaul University coalition propaganda and improve civil-military relations. MONDE MUYANGWA Africa Center for Strategic Studies World War Two was a very different war, but its antagonists dealt with some ALFRED OEHLERS problems entirely familiar to those fighting today’s anti-insurgent campaigns. Asia-Pacific Center for Security Ronny Kristoffersen draws on the stories of two highly effective interroga- Studies tors in that war—one German, the other American—to discuss the value of PAUL SHEMELLA humane psychological techniques for gathering reliable wartime intelligence. Naval Postgraduate School KENNETH POOLE Using intelligence in an entirely different way, Geoffrey Kambere shows us Joint Special Operations University that the key to defeating the violent Islamist group al Shabaab in Somalia is to go after its finances. Substantial revenue streams from the busy port NICK PRATT of Kismayo, the Somali diaspora, and a cut of pirates’ ransom money George C. Marshall Center have enabled the group to keep a deadly stranglehold on large parts of the NADIA SCHADLOW country. Cutting the money flow, Kambere insists, will starve the beast and Smith Richardson Foundation finally defeat it. DAVID UCKO National Defense University 1 CTX | Vol. 2, No. 3 The key to preventing prisoners released from Guantánamo Bay from rejoining the fight, according to author Erich Wagner, is to revitalize the time-honored practice of parole. Wagner discusses the importance of termi- nology for shaping our thinking about these released prisoners, and offers some timely ideas about how to make parole, historically rooted in both shari’a and European laws of war, a strong tool for dealing with the problem of former prisoners who return to the fight. Our final feature contributor, Gregory Mayer, takes us back to the time of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, when Belfast was a war zone, and the Provisional Irish Republican Army used terror both to attack its enemies and to control its neighborhoods. In an interesting parallel with Kristoffersen’s World War Two interrogators, Mayer shows us how similar techniques of psy- chological persuasion can be used to recruit willing spies from the other side. This issue’s Ethics column raises the difficult subject of the “hero” label. George Lober wonders whether society’s habit of slapping the epithet on everyone who dons a uniform diminishes not only the meaning of the word, but also the service and sacrifices of real heroes and ordinary personnel alike. As always, he gives us something to think deeply about. Kalev Sepp recommends a film about war in Afghanistan, but not the war we’re familiar with. Company 9, about a doomed Russian platoon in the waning year of the Soviet Union’s occupation, tells an unnervingly familiar story of heroism against impossible odds. The fun, Sepp tells us, is that this Russian-made film reflects an authentically Russian sentimentality, complete with Soviet-era military equipment—still operational. Nate Moir is back with his read on the new book Find, Fix, and Finish: Inside the Counterterrorism Campaigns that Killed Bin Laden and Devastated Al-Qaeda. This is, Nate tells us, “a well-written, fast-paced, and compelling overview of U.S. counterterrorism operations in Afghanistan, the Middle East, and the United States since 9/11.” Not exactly light summer reading, but a thriller you might find hard to put down nevertheless. As always, our colleagues at JSOU have some new publications for you to check out. These are short, informative reads on timely subjects, available as PDFs from the JSOU website. Finally, I want to welcome Amina Kator-Mubarez to our team of research assistants. Amina joined us in May, and has made herself invaluable since then, making sure no details of the behind-the-scenes production process are overlooked. Thanks to all our contributors for their hard work getting their submissions ready for publication, and thanks as always for your interest in the CTX. I look forward to hearing your comments, questions, and suggestions for how we can continue to improve the journal. And let me know what you think of the new look! ELIZABETH SKINNER Managing Editor 2 Vol. 2, No. 3 | CTX Inside this Issue Combining Special Operations Forces: A Dutch 5 Case Study MAJ ANDY KRAAG, RNLMC The Civilian Casualties Management Team: A Piece 19 of the Counterinsurgency Puzzle NATE MOIR Learning from History: What is Successful 29 Interrogation? LTC RONNY KRISTOFFERSEN, RNN Financing al Shabaab: The Vital Port of Kismayo 40 LTC GEOFFREY KAMBERE, UPDF Parole for Guantánamo Releasees: Revisiting a 49 Time-tested Concept LTC ERICH WAGNER, USMCR Teenage Spy: Infiltrating the Irish Republican Army 59 MAJ GREGORY MAYER, USAF 66 ETHICS AND INSIGHTS The Hero Thing GEORGE LOBER 68 THE MOVING IMAGE Not Just a Russian Platoon in Afghanistan KALEV SEPP 70 THE WRITTEN WORD Find, Fix, Finish: Inside the Counterterrorism Campaigns That Killed Bin Laden and Devastated Al-Qaeda NATE MOIR 72 RESOURCES: PUBLICATIONS ANNOUNCEMENTS 3 CTX | Vol. 2, No. 3 List of Contributors LTC Geoffrey Kambere serves as the deputy chief of the Integrated Human Resource Management Information System, Ugandan People’s Defence Forces. He recently graduated from the Defense Analysis department of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. MAJ Andy Kraag serves with NL MARSOF, the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps SOF component. He has deployed to Bosnia, Iraq, and Afghanistan with the Dutch Frogmen (MSO) and the Dutch Counterterrorism Unit (UIM). LTC Ronny Kristoffersen is the second in command at the Norwegian Coastal Rangers Command in the Royal Norwegian Navy. He has a master’s degree in Special Operations from the Defense Analysis department at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. Major Gregory C. Mayer, P.E., is a student at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in the Department of National Security Affairs, pursuing an M.S. in Defense Decision Making Analysis. He is a civil engineer in the United States Air Force, and will fill a political-military affairs strategist position upon graduation. CPT Nathaniel L. Moir, USAR, is a senior research analyst with the Program for Culture and Conflict Studies at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. He is also a Psychological Operations Officer in the U.S. Army Reserve and completed a deployment to Afghanistan in 2011 as a Detachment Commander. Erich Wagner is a Lieutenant Colonel in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve currently assigned to AFRICOM. He has served in Panama, Croatia, Australia, Argentina, Korea, Japan, Curacao, and Iraq. Recently, Erich served as a Congressional Liaison for the Marine Corps to Congress. He has published articles on military history and counter- insurgencies in The Marine Corps University Journal, The Journal for the Anglo-Zulu War Historical Society, The Joint Center for Operational Analysis, and Armchair General. George Lober guides U.S. and international military students through the tricky terrain of ethics and critical thinking at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. Dr. Kalev I. Sepp is senior lecturer in Defense Analysis at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. He earned his Combat Infantryman Badge in the Salvadoran Civil War. COVER PHOTO NL MARSOF pre-deployment kill-house training. Photo courtesy Goffe Struiksma. DISCLAIMER This journal is not an official DoD publication. The views expressed or implied within are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of any governmental or non-governmental organization or agency of the United States of America or any other country. TERMS OF COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2012 by the author(s), except where otherwise noted.