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Go to evolve.elsevier.com/html/shop-promo.html to search and browse for products. * Evolve Student Resources are provided free with each NEW book purchase only. Mosby’s Comprehensive Review of Radiography The Complete Study Guide and Career Planner Seventh Edition This page intentionally left blank Mosby’s Comprehensive Review of Radiography The Complete Study Guide and Career Planner Seventh Edition William J. Callaway, MA, RT(R) Radiography Educator, Author, Speaker Springfield, Illinois 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 MOSBY’S COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF RADIOGRAPHY: THE COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE AND CAREER PLANNER, SEVENTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-35423-3 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Previous editions copyrighted 2013, 2008, 2006, 2002, 2000, 1998, 1995. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions poli- cies, and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods, they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a profes- sional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or oth- erwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Callaway, William J. (William Joseph), 1951- , author. Mosby’s comprehensive review of radiography : the complete study guide and career planner / William J. Callaway. -- Seventh edition. p. ; cm. Comprehensive review of radiography Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-323-35423-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) I. Title. II. Title: Comprehensive review of radiography. [DNLM: 1. Radiography--Examination Questions. 2. Technology, Radiologic-- Examination Questions. 3. Vocational Guidance--Examination Questions. WN 18.2] RC78.17 616.07’572076--dc23 2015036336 Content Strategist: Sonya Seigafuse Content Development Manager: Billie Sharp Content Development Specialist: Sarah Vora Publishing Services Manager: Hemamalini Rajendrababu Senior Project Manager: Kamatchi Madhavan Design Direction: Ashley Miner Printed in United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 About the Author William J. Callaway, MA, RT(R), has been involved in radi- He is widely known for his conference presentations ography education for more than 40 years. He has directed for students, educators, and practicing technologists at both collegiate associate degree and hospital-sponsored radi- international, national, state, and local radiologic technol- ography programs in addition to teaching the subjects cov- ogy meetings. He has given more than 500 presentations, ered in this text. He is co-author of Introduction to Radiologic which include “Pass It the First Time: Preparing for the Technology, also published by Elsevier, and has had writings Certification Exam”; “And You Thought X-Ray Physics Had published in state and national radiologic technology jour- to Be Boring!”; “It’s More Than a Smile: A Fresh Perspective nals. Mr. Callaway has held elected office in the Association on Patient Care”; “Giving Effective Conference Presenta- of Collegiate Educators in Radiologic Technology (ACERT) tions”; and “Win That Job!” and the Association of Educators in Imaging and Radiologic Sciences (AEIRS). v This page intentionally left blank To our family’s next generation, our grandchildren: Alex, Kailin, Mariah, Jacob, Mikella, Makenna, Troy, Madalyn, and Freddy This page intentionally left blank Reviewers Karen Callaway, MA, SPHR Anna N. Phillips, MS, RT(R)(CT) Executive Vice President, Organizational Strategy Department Head H.D. Smith Radiography Springfield, Illinois Randolph Community College Asheboro, North Carolina Mary Ellen Carpenter, MA, RT(R)(CV)(CT) Radiography Program Directory Jeannean Hall Rollins, MRC, RT(R)(CV)(ARRT) Essex County College Associate Professor Newark, New Jersey Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences Arkansas State University Tammara M. Chaffee, M.Ed, RT(R)(M) Jonesboro, Arkansas Assistant Professor Dona Ana Community College Breanna Wright Las Cruces, New Mexico Radiologic Technologist Student Medical Imaging and Radiologic Sciences Tiffany Goodwin, RT(R) Arkansas State University Radiologic Technologist Jonesboro, Arkansas Poplar Bluff, Missouri Jim Partin, RT(R) Radiology Instructor Spencerian College Louisville, Kentucky ix This page intentionally left blank Preface Content and Organization New Content and Features Completely updated for the latest certification exam speci- This new edition is written to the latest radiography exam fications, Mosby’s Comprehensive Review of Radiography is content specifications used by the ARRT effective Janu- designed for students as a study guide throughout their radi- ary 1, 2017, making this the most up-to-date review book ography education and as a review book as they prepare to available. Coverage of digital imaging, already included in take the Registry examination. previous editions, has been once again updated to reflect Part I begins right where students need to begin, guiding its importance on the certification exam. The relative num- them through an assessment of their study skills and time ber of questions asked in each of the four new ARRT con- management, both critical to success in the radiography tent categories has been updated in the challenge tests in program and reviewing. The complete topic outline of the chapter 6 as well as the tests on Evolve. New ARRT ques- radiography exam administered by the American Registry of tion formats are included, such as exhibits, sorted list, Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) is provided to help stu- multi-select, and combined response. The relative number dents visualize the breadth of information they need to mas- of questions asked in each of the four new ARRT con- ter. Tips on answering questions ensure that students will be tent categories has been updated in the challenge tests in able to manage the styles of questions they will encounter chapter 6 as well as the tests on Evolve. New ARRT ques- on the ARRT exam. tion formats are included, such as exhibits, sorted list, The highlight of Part I is a comprehensive review, in out- multi-select, and combined response. line form, of the major content areas covered on the ARRT One of the most popular features of this study guide is exam in radiography. Each content review is followed by a the material available on the Evolve website. Those ques- set of 100 questions related specifically to that topic. After tions can be accessed anywhere the student has Internet students have reviewed all subject areas, they are ready to access, whether at home or in the palm of the hand. These take the three 200-question challenge tests in Chapter 6. All questions are designed to simulate the computer-based questions are written in formats used by the ARRT. Answers exam administered by the ARRT. In tutorial mode, students and rationales for the review questions and challenge tests