www.ssoar.info Drug policy: history, theory and consequences ; examples from Denmark and USA Asmussen Frank, Vibeke (Ed.); Bjerge, Bagga (Ed.); Houborg, Esben (Ed.) Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Sammelwerk / collection Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European Networks) Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Asmussen Frank, V., Bjerge, B., & Houborg, E. (Eds.). (2008). Drug policy: history, theory and consequences ; examples from Denmark and USA. Aarhus: Aarhus Univ. Press. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168- ssoar-316265 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de drug policy – HIstory, Theory and Consequences Examples from Denmark and USA Denne side er købt på www.ebog.dk og er omfattet af lov om ophavsret. Uanset evt. aftale med Copy-Dan er det ikke tilladt at kopiere eller indscanne siden til undervisningsbrug eller erhvervsmæssig brug. 74946_drug_.indd 1 11-11-2008 13:01:40 In memory of Lau Laursen Storgaard Distinguished Danish drug policy researcher Denne side er købt på www.ebog.dk og er omfattet af lov om ophavsret. Uanset evt. aftale med Copy-Dan er det ikke tilladt at kopiere eller indscanne siden til undervisningsbrug eller erhvervsmæssig brug. 74946_drug_.indd 2 11-11-2008 13:01:40 drug policy Edited by Vibeke Asmussen Frank, Bagga Bjerge & Esben Houborg Aarhus University Press | a Denne side er købt på www.ebog.dk og er omfattet af lov om ophavsret. Uanset evt. aftale med Copy-Dan er det ikke tilladt at kopiere eller indscanne siden til undervisningsbrug eller erhvervsmæssig brug. 74946_drug_.indd 3 11-11-2008 13:01:40 Drug Policy © Aarhus University Press and the authors 2008 Cover by Jørgen Sparre ISBN 978 87 7934 770 0 Published with the financial support of Aarhus University Research Foundation Danish Agency for Science Technology and Innovation Aarhus University Press Langelandsgade 177 DK-8200 Aarhus N Denmark www.unipress.dk INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTORS: Gazelle Book Services Ltd. White Cross Mills Hightown, Lancaster, LA1 4XS United Kingdom www.gazellebookservices.co.uk The David Brown Book Company Box 511 Oakville, CT 06779 USA www.oxbowbooks.com Denne side er købt på www.ebog.dk og er omfattet af lov om ophavsret. Uanset evt. aftale med Copy-Dan er det ikke tilladt at kopiere eller indscanne siden til undervisningsbrug eller erhvervsmæssig brug. 74946_drug_.indd 4 11-11-2008 13:01:40 Contents Preface • 7 Esben Houborg, Bagga Bjerge & Vibeke Asmussen Frank Introduction: Danish drug policy – history, theory, and the international framework • 9 Part I: Drug policy in institutional settings Charlotte Siiger Caught in-between: Dilemma management at a hostel for the homeless • 37 Vibeke Asmussen Frank & Torsten Kolind Dilemmas experienced in prison-based cannabis treatment – drug policy in Danish prisons • 61 Part II: Drug policy at local levels Helle Vibeke Dahl Open drug scenes: Danish drug policy reflected through international drug prohibition and local interventions • 91 Kim Møller Regulating cannabis markets in Copenhagen • 123 Denne side er købt på www.ebog.dk og er omfattet af lov om ophavsret. Uanset evt. aftale med Copy-Dan er det ikke tilladt at kopiere eller indscanne siden til undervisningsbrug eller erhvervsmæssig brug. 74946_drug_.indd 5 11-11-2008 13:01:40 Part III: History, causes, and consequences of drug policy Jørgen Jepsen Danish drug control policy 1945-2007 • 151 Esben Houborg Youth, drugs and the welfare state – constructing the Danish drug treatment system 1965-1972 • 181 Bagga Bjerge The re-organisation of drug treatment in Denmark – a welfare reform as policy • 209 Eric Jensen Drug wars in the United States: The construction of problematic conditions • 233 List of authors • 257 Denne side er købt på www.ebog.dk og er omfattet af lov om ophavsret. Uanset evt. aftale med Copy-Dan er det ikke tilladt at kopiere eller indscanne siden til undervisningsbrug eller erhvervsmæssig brug. 74946_drug_.indd 6 11-11-2008 13:01:40 Preface This book is the outcome of the curiosity of several social drug researchers about how drug policies emerge and spread into many and often surprising areas of social life. In their effort to satisfy this curiosity, some of the research- ers taking part have set up projects to do research on drug policy or included drug policy as an important topic in their ongoing research. How does inter- national drug policy take local forms? What are the practical and ideological implications when national drug policies change? How should we approach the drug field as social scientists? How can we understand the processes that transform policies into social life? Questions like these have forced the authors to make choices as well as rethinking drug policy as a field of study. The aim of drug policy is usually perceived as the regulation of drugs, comprising drug control, treatment, prevention, and/or harm reduction. The authors show that studying these different elements as interrelated areas instead of separate areas leads to important insights into the drug research field in general. All the authors but one are (or have been) employed at the Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus University, Denmark, and have a professional background in anthropology, criminology, or sociology. All the empirical examples but one are also from Denmark. The last contribution is from the US. The opportunity to explore differences and compare research between a welfare society like Denmark and the US (which is the world’s leading drug policy maker) has been important to all the authors. We should like to thank the Faculty of Social Sciences, Aarhus University, for making it possible to discuss and exchange experiences across the Atlantic by supporting a seminar on drug policy held in Århus in April 2007. Preface · 7 Denne side er købt på www.ebog.dk og er omfattet af lov om ophavsret. Uanset evt. aftale med Copy-Dan er det ikke tilladt at kopiere eller indscanne siden til undervisningsbrug eller erhvervsmæssig brug. 74946_drug_.indd 7 11-11-2008 13:01:40 The book has received financial support from Aarhus Universitets Forsk­ ningsfond (the Aarhus University Research Fund) and Forsknings­ og innova­ tionsstyrelsen (the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation). We are thankful for this support, which made the book possible. Finally, we thank all the peer reviewers who willingly took upon them to read and criticize the articles. Their comments and constructive advices have made them all better. Århus, September 2008 Vibeke Asmussen Frank, Bagga Bjerge & Esben Houborg. Denne side er købt på www.ebog.dk og er omfattet af lov om ophavsret. Uanset evt. aftale med Copy-Dan er det ikke tilladt at kopiere eller indscanne siden til undervisningsbrug eller erhvervsmæssig brug. 74946_drug_r1.indd 8 21-11-2008 11:35:25 Esben Houborg, Bagga Bjerge & Vibeke Asmussen Frank Introduction: Danish drug policy – history, theory, and the international framework Danish drug policy has seen considerable changes since the turn of the cen- tury. These changes have been on two fronts. First, formal government policy has undergone a number of changes which have made Danish drug policy more restrictive – although on the other hand the political focus on treatment which started in the mid-1990s has continued, for instance by making drug treatment a social right and making heroin substitution treatment possible. These developments can, as we will show below, be understood by applying a number of well-known concepts in drug policy analysis. The second front in the development of drug policy in Denmark concerns a veritable proliferation of drug policies. An increasing number of players and institutions such as parents, local communities, educational institutions, sports clubs and private enterprises are now engaged in developing and carrying out drug policies. Sometimes this is a consequence of new governmental strategies on behalf of public authorities. But frequently it is also because drugs and living with drugs are now an immediate concern for many people and institutions. Not only in relation to the dangers of drug use, but also a focus on drug use and drug dealing as a nuisance in local communities. The development of Danish drug policy on these two fronts makes it very relevant to study Danish drug policy today. Without claiming to present a comprehensive account of these vari- ous developments, this volume will include contributions that supply some of the first pieces of the increasingly complex puzzle of Danish drug policy today. This will be done under three headings dealing with various levels of drug policy. First, the ways in which drug policies are developed in various institutional settings like prisons and social institutions for homeless people. These studies deal with the way drug policies vary as they are developed and Introduction · 9 Denne side er købt på www.ebog.dk og er omfattet af lov om ophavsret. Uanset evt. aftale med Copy-Dan er det ikke tilladt at kopiere eller indscanne siden til undervisningsbrug eller erhvervsmæssig brug. 74946_drug_.indd 9 11-11-2008 13:01:40 practised in various institutional conditions, and the way particular condi- tions (the prison setting, for instance) can place severe constraints on the kind of drug policies that can be implemented. Secondly, we include studies of the way in which drug policies are developed and carried out at local level in two Danish cities, and the effects and consequences of these local drug policies. The third and final section deals with drug policy more on a macro level in terms of the historical development of modern Danish drug policy, with regard to legislation, law enforcement and treatment.