Social Safety Nets and Gender Learning From Impact Evaluations and World Bank Projects Social Safety Nets and Gender LEARNING FROM IMPACT EVALUATIONS AND WORLD BANK PROJECTS © 2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: http://www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of the World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, de- nominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@ worldbank.org. ii | Social Safety Nets and Gender Contents Abbreviations ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v Acknowledgments ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������vii Overview ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� viii 1� introduction................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Motivations and Background . 1 Purpose and Objective . 3 Evaluation Questions and Organization of the Report . 4 Endnote . 5 2. Framework and Methodology................................................................................................................................. 7 Defining Social Safety Net Interventions . 7 Framework . 8 Methodology . 12 The Portfolio of World Bank Social Safety Net Interventions . 12 Impact Evaluations Selection . .. 15 Endnotes. 21 3� SSN Interventions: Results.......................................................................................................................................25 Outcomes for Women and Men . 25 Outcomes for Girls and Boys . 40 Efficiency . 47 Endnotes. 48 4. The Bank’s Portfolio: Emerging Trends of Gender Integration ������������������������������������������������������������������53 Integrating Gender Considerations into World Bank Social Safety Net Projects. 54 Motivation in Targeting Women and Including Gender in World Bank Social Safety Net Project Design . 56 Gender in Monitoring and Evaluation of World Bank Social Safety Net Projects . 58 Learning from Impact Evaluation in the World Bank Portfolio. .. 59 Endnotes. 62 5. Discussion and Conclusions...................................................................................................................................65 Implications for the World Bank Group and the Impact Evaluation Agenda . 67 Endnotes. 69 References ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 71 Boxes BOX 2 1. MODELS OF INTRAHOUSEHOLD Allocation OF RESOUrces . 9 BOX 2 .2 DEFINING Empowerment . 12 BOX 4 1. GENDER IN THE WORLD BANK GroUP SOCIAL Protection AND LABOR StrategY . 53 BOX 4 2. GENDER Considerations IN DEVelopment POLICY Loans . 54 BOX 4 3. GENDER IN PUBLIC WORKS . 61 Contents | iii Tables Table 2 .1 Indicators of Bargaining Power . 10 Table 2 .2 Number of Impact Evaluations by Intervention and Outcome. 16 Table 2 .3 Gender Screening Results and the Quality Screening by Intervention . 18 Table 2 .4 Evaluation Methods Used by the Impact Evaluations . 20 Table 3 .1 Organization of Findings from Impact Evaluations . 25 Table 4 .1 Gender-Relevant Project Development Objectives Indicators by Intervention . 58 Table 4 .2 Gender in Project Development Objectives Indicators . 59 Table 4 .3 Female Quotas in Public Works Projects .. 59 Figures Figure 1 .1 Organization of the Report . 4 Figure 2 .1 Analytical Framework . 11 Figure 2 .2 Portfolio Composition by Intervention, Instrument, and Region . 13 Figure 2 .3 Instruments by Region and Fiscal Year . 14 Figure 2 .4 Outcomes of Interest . 15 Figure 2 .5 Public Works Programs Worldwide and Evidence from Impact Evaluations . 18 Figure 2 .6 Conditional Cash Transfer Programs Worldwide and Evidence from Impact Evaluations . 19 Figure 2 .7 Quantity of Evidence by Intervention, Region, and Type of Program . 19 Figure 2 .8 Number of Impact Evaluations by Length of Treatment . 20 Figure 3 .1 Impact of Institutional Delivery and Skilled Birth Attendance .. 32 Figure 3 .2 Impact of Cash Transfer on School Attendance in Latin America . 42 Figure 3 .3 Impact of Cash Transfer on School Attendance in Africa and Asia . 43 Figure 3 .4 Impact of Cash Transfer on Child Labor . 44 Figure 3 .5 Impact of Social Safety Nets on Children’s Anthropometric Measures . 46 Figure 4 .1 Female Quotas in Public Works Projects .. 55 APPENDIXES A Portfolio Review Methodology B Search Strategy for Systematic Review of Impact Evaluations C Approach to Coding Impact Evaluations D List of Projects Included in the Study E List of Impact Evaluations The appendixes are available online at https://ieg .worldbankgroup .org/evaluations/social-safety-nets-and-gender . iv | Social Safety Nets and Gender Abbreviations ASPIRE Atlas of Social Protection—Indicators of Resilience and Equity CCT conditional cash transfer CDD community-driven development DD difference-in-differences DFID U.K. Department for International Development DIME Development Impact Evaluation DPL development policy loan FFA Food for Asset Creation FSVGD Food Security Vulnerable Group Development FY fiscal year GAP Gender Action Plan IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICR Implementation Completion and Results Report IDA International Development Association IE impact evaluation IEG Independent Evaluation Group IGVGD Income Generation Vulnerable Group Development ILO International Labor Organization ISR Implementation Status and Results Report JFPR Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction JSY Janani Suraksha Yojana LCT labeled cash transfer M&E monitoring and evaluation MASAF Malawi Social Action Fund MDGs Millennium Development Goals NCP noncontributory pension NGO nongovernmental organization NREGS National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme NUM non-unitary model NUSAF Northern Uganda Social Action Fund OSF on-site feeding PAD Project Appraisal Document PANES Plan de Alimentación y Nutrición Escolar PDO project development objective PRAF Programa de Asignación Familiar PROCAMPO Programa de Apoyos Directos al Campo PROGRESA Programa de Educación, Salud y Alimentación PSM propensity score matching PSNP Productive Safety Net Program PW public works RMP Rural Maintenance Program RPS Red de Protección Social SIEF Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund SP Social Protection SPL Social Protection and Labor Abbreviations | v SSN Social Safety Net THR take-home ration UCT unconditional cash transfer UM unitary model All monetary amounts are U.S. dollars unless otherwise stated. vi | Social Safety Nets and Gender Acknowledgments This systematic review of evidence on Social Safety Nets The team is grateful to the peer reviewers: Markus Gold- and gender from impact evaluations and World Bank stein (World Bank), Andrew Morrison (Inter-American Group’s projects was prepared by an Independent Evalu- Development Bank), Agnes Quisumbing (International ation Group (IEG) team led by Elena Bardasi. Gisela Food Policy Research Institute), and Dominique van Garcia acted as a co-task team leader and led the portfo- de Walle (World Bank). Thanks are also owed to Lynn lio review, which was conducted by Segen Moges, Flora Brown, Mayra Buvinic, Virgilio Galdo, Emmanuel Nankhuni, and Veronica Guzman Restrepo. Tara Cand- Skoufias, Rachel Trichler, Anthony Tyrrell, Disha Zaidi, land led the impact evaluation team; Paula Calvo, Kristin and other IEG colleagues who contributed with ideas Panier, and Diana Rangel-Alfaro conducted the search, and suggestions as well as World Bank colleagues who coding, and analysis of the impact evaluations. Erik Alda provided comments. and Yunsun Li provided assistance with, respectively, the data analysis and the double coding of impact evalua- The work was conducted under the direction of Emman- tions. Ana Milena Aguilar Rivera and Thomas Bossuroy uel Jimenez (director) and Mark Sundberg (manager) contributed to defining the framework and finalizing the and the overall guidance of Caroline Heider (director approach paper. Yezena Yimer provided administrative general, evaluation). support. Barbara Rice and Cheryl Toksoz helped with editing. Acknowledgments | vii Overview Gender equality is widely accepted as an