TECHNOLOGIES TO SUPPORT CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN DEVELOPING ASIA ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK TECHNOLOGIES TO SUPPORT CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK i © 2014 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. Published in 2014. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9254-803-2 (Print), 978-92-9254-804-9 (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. RPT146982-3 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. Technologies to support climate change adaptation. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2014. 1. Climate Change Adaptation2. Climate Change Technology in Asia and the Pacific3. Climate Change Impacts I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the Asian Development Bank in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB. Note: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444 Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org For orders, please contact: Public Information Center Fax +63 2 636 2584 [email protected] Contents Tables and Boxes iv Foreword vi Acknowledgements vi Abbreviations vii Introduction 1 Agriculture 7 Coastal Resources 34 Human Health 54 Transportation 86 Water Resources 101 Disaster Risk Management 133 Appendixes 1 List of ADB Regions and Countries 158 2 Technologies that Meet Several Needs within a Sector 159 References 168 iii Tables and Boxes Tables 2.1 Agriculture technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation 11 2.2 Agriculture sector: A summary 32 3.1 Coastal resources technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation 38 3.2 Coastal resources sector summary 53 4.1 Human health technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation 58 4.2 Estimated costs of disease surveillance system implementation 69 4.3 Human Health Sector Summary 85 5.1 Transportation technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation 89 5.2 Transportation sector summary 100 6.1 Water resources technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation 105 6.2 Water resources sector summary 132 7.1 Disaster risk management technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation 136 7.2 DRM sector summary 156 A2.1 Technologies that meet several needs in the agriculture sector 160 A2.2 Technologies that meet several needs in the coastal resources sector 163 A2.3 Technologies that meet several needs in the human health sector 164 A2.4 Technologies that meet several needs in the transportation sector A2.5 Technologies that meet several needs in the water resources sector 166 A2.6 Technologies that meet several needs in the disaster risk management sector 167 Boxes 1 Brief review of climate change in Asia 2 2.1 Technology evaluation scoring method 13 2.2 Crop breeding: Examples 16 2.3 Fungal symbionts: Examples 19 2.4 Laser land leveling: Examples 21 2.5 Pressurized irrigation technologies: Examples 23 2.6 Floating agriculture: Examples 26 2.7 Temperature regulation: An example 31 3.1 Technology evaluation scoring method 39 3.2 Structural barriers: An example 42 3.3 Geosynthetics: An example 44 3.4 Coastal restoration: Some examples 47 3.5 Beach nourishment: An example 49 3.6 Accommodation technology: Some examples 51 4.1 Technology evaluation scoring method 59 4.2 Long-lasting insecticidal bed nets: An example 63 4.3 Rapid diagnostic tests: An example 65 4.4 Disease surveillance systems: Some examples 70 4.5 e-Health: Some examples 77 4.6 Flood-proofed latrines: An example 80 4.7 Flood-proofed wells: Some examples 83 iv Tables and Boxes 5.1 Technology evaluation scoring method 91 5.2 Warm-mix asphalt: Some examples 92 5.3 Engineered cementitious composite: An example 94 5.4 Intelligent transportation systems: Some examples 98 6.1 Technology evaluation scoring method 106 6.2 Rainwater harvesting: An example 108 6.3 Surface-water storage: Some examples 111 6.4 Water transfer: An example 113 6.5 Aquifer recharge: Some examples 114 6.6 Water loss reduction: An example 116 6.7 Water demand reduction: An example 118 6.8 Desalination: Some examples 120 6.9 POU water treatment: An example 122 6.10 Wastewater treatment: Some examples 123 6.11 Stormwater management: An example 126 6.12 Structural barriers to flooding: An example 128 6.13 Nonstructural barriers to flooding: An example 128 6.14 Flooding accommodation: An example 131 7.1 Technology evaluation scoring method 137 7.2 Light detection and ranging: An example 140 7.3 Management of risks of glacial lake outburst flooding: Some examples 142 7.4 Monitoring systems: Some examples 145 7.5 Emergency shelters: An example 147 7.6 Early-warning systems: Some examples 150 7.7 Social media in disaster response: Some examples 154 v Foreword Climate change is the preeminent challenge of the 21st century and threatens to erode the many development gains made in Asia and the Pacific region. It is likely to exacerbate the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. The region contains seven out of the world’s ten most vulnerable countries and the economic impacts could be huge. Asian Development Bank (ADB) studies forecast that under a business-as-usual scenario, annual economic losses could be as high as 5.3% in East Asia or as much as 12.7% in the Pacific by 2100. On the average, economic costs of disasters in Asia and the Pacific region could reach $53.8 billion annually. In 2013, developing Asia accounted for 35% of energy-related global carbon dioxide emissions and continues to rise, further aggravating the region’s vulnerability. Against this background, ADB is strengthening its commitment to assisting its developing member countries (DMCs) in meeting the climate change challenge. In its recent Midterm Review of Strategy 2020, which guides all of ADB’s work, climate change was identified as one of ten strategic priorities. As such, ADB is, inter alia, enhancing its focus on climate change adaptation, mainstreaming resilience and integrating adaptation and disaster risk reduction measures into all its activities, including operations and country policies. ADB has already mandated climate risk management in all its projects. Last year, ADB provided $3.27 billion for climate finance, $988 million of which was for adaptation initiatives. Although finance is imperative in addressing climate change effectively, technological solutions will also play a key role. Acknowledging the importance of technology, ADB’s Regional and Sustainable Development Department, under the technical assistance on Enhancing Knowledge on Climate Technology and Financing Mechanism funded by the Government of Japan, has compiled this compendium to help DMCs identify technologies that would help them address the impacts of climate change. The available and innovative technologies that are detailed here address the climate change impacts in six sectors: agriculture, coastal resources, human health, transportation, water resources, and disaster risk management. The document includes information on the effectiveness, cost, benefits, and barriers abouteach technology. Disseminating this very timely information is the first step in recognizing that technologies are already available today to promote green growth and, more importantly, to enable adaptation to a changing climate. Sound and sustainable technological choices enhance resilience and facilitate adaptive behavior and development. I hope this document will provide a useful reference for ADB’s DMCs. Ma. Carmela D. Locsin Director General Regional and Sustainable Development Department vi Acknowledgements This report was prepared by Joel B. Smith of Stratus Consulting Inc., with support from Megan O’Grady, Holly Surbaugh, Aaron Ray, Michael Duckworth and Timothy Meernik. Guidance and support was provided by the Climate Change Coordination and Disaster Risk Management Unit of the Regional and Sustainable Development Department of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Members of ADB’s Pilot Asia-Pacific Climate Technology Finance Center and Communities of Practice in agriculture, environment, health, transport, and water provided substantial inputs to the report. Thank you all for your time. The author also wants to thank Diane Callow, Erin Miles, Stephanie Renfrow, and Kathy Maloney for their editorial support and Sue Visser for her research support. vii Abbreviations ADB – Asian Development Bank CISDCP – China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention CLP – Chars Livelihoods Programme CMT – cell membrane thermostability CO2 – carbon dioxide CORDS – Connecting Organizations for Regional Disease Surveillance CPP – Cyclone Preparedness Program DMC – developing member country DRM – disaster risk