Interregional Interaction and Dilmun Power

University of South Florida <a href="/goto?url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu?utm_source=scholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fetd%2F4980&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages" target="_blank">Scholar Commons </a><a href="/goto?url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd?utm_source=scholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fetd%2F4980&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages" target="_blank">Graduate eses and Dissertations </a>4-7-2014 <a href="/goto?url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/grad?utm_source=scholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fetd%2F4980&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages" target="_blank">Graduate School </a>Interregional Interaction and Dilmun Power in the Bronze Age: A Characterization Study of Ceramics from Bronze Age Sites in Kuwait Hasan Ashkanani University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: <a href="/goto?url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd?utm_source=scholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fetd%2F4980&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages" target="_blank">h</a><a href="/goto?url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd?utm_source=scholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fetd%2F4980&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages" target="_blank">t</a><a href="/goto?url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd?utm_source=scholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fetd%2F4980&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages" target="_blank">ps://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd </a>Part of the <a href="/goto?url=http://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/510?utm_source=scholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fetd%2F4980&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages" target="_blank">History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons </a>Scholar Commons Citation Ashkanani, Hasan, "Interregional Interaction and Dilmun Power in the Bronze Age: A Characterization Study of Ceramics from Bronze Age Sites in Kuwait" (2014). Graduate eses and Dissertations. htps://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4980 is Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate eses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact <a href="mailto:[email protected]" target="_blank">[email protected]</a>. Interregional Interaction and Dilmun Power in the Bronze Age: A Characterization Study of Ceramics from Bronze Age Sites in Kuwait by Hasan J. Ashkanani A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Robert H. Tykot, Ph.D. Thomas J. Pluckhahn, Ph.D. E. Christian Wells, Ph.D. Jonathan M. Kenoyer, Ph.D. Jeffrey Ryan, Ph.D. Date of Approval April 7, 2014 Keywords: Failaka Island, chemical analysis, pXRF, petrographic thin section, Arabian Gulf Copyright © 2014, Hasan J. Ashkanani DEDICATION I dedicate my dissertation work to the awaited savior, Imam Mohammad Ibn Al-Hasan, who appreciates knowledge and rejects all forms of ignorance. A special appreciation goes to my parents and my beloved wife who supported me throughout this process. They have been my best motivators to be a successful person. I also dedicate this dissertation to my siblings, Ashkanani family, and friends who have never left my side and their words of encouragement were what helped me persevere during the hard times of this journey. They have also supported me through obtaining book sources from the Arabian Gulf countries and Europe. I will always appreciate all my American friends for helping me develop my skills, especially Prof. Frank Poirier, Dr. Allison Muhammad, Sean Norman and David Rafael, for their time and infinite support. Finally, I dedicate this work to my elder brother, Mohammad, whose death led me to pursue an academic career and have a significant position and footprint in developing Kuwait history and archaeology. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project was made possible through the assistance, guidance and support of numerous individuals and groups. First, I would like to thank my committee chair Prof. Robert H. Tykot for all his help, guidance and patience throughout the dissertation process. Your beneficial discussion and substantial time were invaluable for initiating the research design and developing the project through the analysis and editing. I would also like to thank my committee members for their participation and guidance: Dr. Thomas J. Pluckhahn, Dr. E. Christian Wells, Prof. Jeffrey Ryan, and Prof. Jonathan M. Kenoyer. Special thanks to Kuwait University for sponsoring my scholarship and providing me with financial support for this research through grants from the College of Social Sciences and the Department of Sociology and Social Works. I am grateful to Prof. Yagoub Al-Kandari, the former dean of the College of Social Sciences, Kuwait University, and the current dean, Prof. Abdulreda Aseeri for their efforts in supporting my research. I am also grateful to Dr. Ali Alshamlan, former director of the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for the financial support to use pXRF and petrographic analysis. My deepest appreciation goes to Mr. Ali Alyoha, director of the National Council of Culture, Art and Letters in Kuwait, Mr. Shehab A. Shebab, former director of the National Museum of Kuwait and current director of the Department of Antiquities and Museums, and Dr. Sultan Al-Duwaish, current director of the museum, for sharing pottery and interpretations. Mr. Shehab’s support extended to involving me in archaeological excavations and studying Bronze Age ceramic collections as well as visiting other archaeologists who have been working on Kuwait archaeological projects. I am so grateful to Dr. Flemming Højlund, head of the Oriental Department at the Moesgård Museum and head of the Danish team in the Kuwaiti-Danish Archaeological Mission, for his permission to study the collections from Moesgård Museum and providing me with accommodations and an office at the museum in Denmark. His valuable academic discussion and assistance have helped frame my research. Special thanks to Moesgård Museum staff for their assistance and hospitality. I also want to thank Dr. Lucia Benediková (Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology and field director of the Kuwaiti-Slovak Archaeological Mission) for sharing pottery from Al-Khidr site on Failaka. Special thanks go to the staff of the National Museum of Kuwait for their assistance at the museum in Kuwait City, and the archaeological sites on Failaka Island, in particular Mrs. Nawal Al-Failakawi and Mr. Talal Al-Saei. I would like to express my heart-felt gratitude to Prof. Henry Wright (University of Michigan) and Prof. Jonathan M. Kenoyer (University of Wisconsin- Madison) for sharing pottery samples from Iran and Pakistan. They have generously showed their willingness to support this research by providing me with an opportunity to examine their collections and provided me with numerous resources and ideas that stemmed from their previous projects. Many thanks to Dr. Ciprian Stremtan, Montana Puscas, Dr. Mary Ownby (Desert Archaeology, Inc.) for their assistance in the application of ICP-MS, XRD and petrographic analysis. Also, special thanks to Dr. David Hill (Metropolitan State University of Denver), Prof. Ali Al-Juboury (Mosul University, Iraq), and Mr. Mohammad Alnaqi for their valuable time with discussions and resources on the geological background of southwest Asia. I am grateful to Mr. Khaled AlSindi (National Bahrain Museum), Dr Christopher P. Thornton (University of Pennsylvania), and London-Bahrain Archaeological Expedition for providing important resources and permission to use their photos. Many people and friends have showed their love and support for this research. There are numerous names to mention but I have to thank my wife, Anfal, who gave me the motivation to work harder and achieve my goal. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures..................................................................................................................................v Abstract............................................................................................................................................x Chapter One: Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 1.1 Thesis Overview ............................................................................................................1 1.2 The Study of Ceramic Production..................................................................................5 1.3 Craft Specialization and Ceramic Production................................................................6 1.3.1 Using Lines of Evidence..............................................................................6 1.3.2 Characterization Studies of Ceramics..........................................................8 1.4 Political Economy Theory and Craft Specialization....................................................11 1.4.1 Toward Political Economy Theory for the Emergence of Dilmun............17 1.5 Aims of this Study .......................................................................................................19 1.6 Significance of this Study............................................................................................21 Chapter Two: The Dilmun Colony – Failaka Island Site ..............................................................23 2.1 Dilmun: The Sumerian Eden and Paradise..................................................................23 2.2 Failaka Island, a Dilmun Colony .................................................................................24 2.2.1 Geographical Location and Land Use History...........................................27 2.2.2 Archaeology of Failaka..............................................................................30 2.3 Dilmun Political Economy in The Arabian Gulf.........................................................33 2.4 Dilmun Barbar Pottery and Craft Specialization .........................................................40 Chapter Three: Research Background ...........................................................................................47 3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................47 3.1.1 Key of Power and Social Complexity........................................................47 3.1.2 Craft Specialization and Social Complexity..............................................53 3.1.3 Trade, Exchange and Interaction ...............................................................57 3.1.4 Role of Ceramics with Other Materials .....................................................61 3.2 Socio-political Organization, Trade and Exchange in Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf ..............................................................................................................................62 Chapter Four: Theoretical Background .........................................................................................67 4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................67 4.2 Socio-cultural Interactions that Undergird Trade and Exchange.................................68 4.3 Exchange and Interaction in the Near East and Adjacent Regions..............................79 i4.4 Recent Models Applicable To the Future of the Arabian Gulf Research....................90 Chapter Five: Methodological Background of Archaeometry in the Near East and the Arabian Gulf ..................................................................................................................................93 5.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................93 5.2 Destructive versus non-Destructive: Strengths and Limitations..................................96 5.3 Archaeometry in the Near East and Adjacent Regions..............................................107 Chapter Six: Methodology and Samples......................................................................................111 6.1 Introduction................................................................................................................111 6.2 Sampling Strategy and Materials...............................................................................113 6.3 Analytical Method: Portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF)........................................127 6.3.1 Sampling Exclusions and Limitations .....................................................127 6.3.2 Error Testing............................................................................................132 6.3.3 Sample Preparation and Processing Data ................................................139 6.3.4 Statistical Analysis of Chemical Data......................................................141 6.4 Petrographic Thin Sectioning ....................................................................................142 6.4.1 Sample Preparation for Petrographic Thin Sectioning Analyses.............143 6.4.2 Processing Data for Petrographic Thin Sectioning Analyses ..................145 Chapter Seven: Results – Analytical and Statistical Results of Chemical Data..........................146 7.1 Introduction................................................................................................................146 7.2 Statistical Analysis of Chemical Data........................................................................146 7.2.1 Principal Component Analysis for all Research Collections...................147 7.2.2 Cluster Analysis of all Research Collection ............................................151 7.2.3 Discriminant Function Analysis ..............................................................151 7.2.4 Principal Component Analysis for all Failaka Island Ceramic Sherds.............................................................................................................156 7.2.5 Cluster Analysis for all Failaka Island Ceramic Sherds ..........................157 7.2.6 Discriminant Function Analysis for all Failaka Island Ceramic Sherds.............................................................................................................159 7.2.7 Principal Component Analysis for Ceramic Sherds of all Kuwait and Bahrain Sites ...........................................................................................160 7.2.8 Cluster Analysis for Ceramic Sherds of all Kuwait and Bahrain sites ................................................................................................................164 7.2.9 Discriminant Function Analysis for Ceramic Sherds of all Kuwait and Bahrain sites............................................................................................165 7.2.10 Principal Component Analysis for the Early Second Millennium BC Sherds from Failaka Island......................................................................167 7.2.11 Cluster Analysis of the Early Second Millennium BC Sherds from Failaka Island.................................................................................................171 7.2.12 Discriminant Function Analysis of the Early Second Millennium BC Sherds from Failaka Island......................................................................172 7.3 Results from Preliminary Experiments......................................................................174 7.3.1 Preliminary Test Results with pXRF.......................................................174 ii 7.3.2 Results from Preliminary Experiment with Petrographic Thin Sectioning ......................................................................................................179 Chapter Eight: Discussion............................................................................................................180 8.1 Introduction................................................................................................................180 8.2 Ceramic Grouping by pXRF......................................................................................181 8.2.1 pXRF Group A.........................................................................................181 8.2.2 pXRF Group B.........................................................................................184 8.2.3 pXRF Group C.........................................................................................190 8.2.4 Outliers.....................................................................................................198 8.3 Petrographic thin section results................................................................................208 8.3.1 Petrographic Analysis of Group A...........................................................209 8.3.2 Petrographic Analysis of Group B...........................................................217 8.3.3 Petrographic Thin Sectioning Outliers.....................................................219 8.4 The Potential Provenance of Bronze Age Pottery .....................................................222 8.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................231 Chapter Nine: Conclusion............................................................................................................239 9.1 Introduction................................................................................................................239 9.2 Discussion..................................................................................................................241 9.3 The Future..................................................................................................................245 References....................................................................................................................................249 Appendix A: A List of Abbreviations Used in Dissertation........................................................277 Appendix B: List of Elemental Compositions (As Determined by pXRF) of the Analyzed 304 Samples.................................................................................................................................278 Appendix C: A Basic Petrographic Analysis of Cermaics from Kuwait.....................................287 Appendix D: Permissions ............................................................................................................306 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 6.1 Summary of all sample materials from Kuwait, Bahrain, KSA, Iran and Pakistan.... 115 Table 6.2 Concentration of ICP-MS and pXRF for 13 selected ceramic samples ..................... 134 Table 6.3 Pearson correlation between ICP-MS and pXRF ....................................................... 136 Table 6.4 A Summary of Sample Materials of Petrographic Thin Section Analysis ................. 144 Table 7.1 Component matrix of each variable loading............................................................... 150 Table 7.2 Loading of each variable into each discriminant function.......................................... 154 Table 7.3 Summary of sample materials of all Failaka Island sites............................................ 157 Table 7.4 Component matrix of each variable loading............................................................... 157 Table 7.5 Loading of each variable into each discriminant function.......................................... 161 Table 7.6 Summary of all materials from Kuwait and Bahrain.................................................. 163 Table 7.7 Component matrix of each variable loading............................................................... 163 Table 7.8 Loading of each variable into each discriminant function.......................................... 167 Table 7.9 Summary of sample materials of early 2nd millennium Kuwait and Bahrain............ 169 Table 7.10 Component matrix of each variable loading............................................................. 170 Table 7.11 Loading of each variable into each discriminant function........................................ 173 Table 7.12 pXRF data summary for three distinct Bronze Age ceramic groups (ppm) ............. 178 Table 8.1 Summary of pXRF groups in relation to petrographic groups ................................... 233 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Map of the Arabian Gulf and adjacent regions showing the major sites and locations mentioned in this text (drawing by Hélène David-Cuny). .......................................24 Figure 2.2 Map of Kuwait and the location of Failaka Island as the first stopping point on the mouth of Shatt Al-Arab (drawing by Hélène David-Cuny)...............................................28 Figure 2.3 Map of Failaka Island showing different archaeological sites and the wellknown Bronze Age sites in the western portion of the island (F3. F6 and Al-Khidr) (drawing by Hélène David-Cuny)............................................................................................33 Figure 2.4 Chain-ridge pottery of City 1 at Qala'at in Bahrain (Højlund 1994:76).......................41 Figure 2.5 Red-ridged jars as a characteristic of the Dilmun assemblage during Barbar II or City II (Moon 2005:280-81)................................................................................................42 Figure 2.6 Development of various types of Failaka pottery in Period, type 1B (a), and Period 2, type 32 (b) and type 14A (c) in the early second millennium BC (Højlund 1987). .......................................................................................................................................43 Figure 2.7 The four dominant fabric types (A, B, C, D-ware) of Dilmun pottery found in Bahrain and Failaka (photo by Hasan Ashkanani). .................................................................43 Figure 2.8 Sample no. 13609 as A-ware type of Barbar red-ridged pottery showing lime particles in the outer and inner surfaces. Notice artificial white lines on the edge (left) showing thin flakes of lamination (photo by Hasan Ashkanani).............................................44 Figure 2.9 Sample no. 13628 as Barbar A-ware type of grey outer and red inner surfaces. Notice white dots on the edge (left) showing two zones (photo by Hasan Ashkanani). .........45 Figure 2.10 Two Mesopotamian fabric types for wheel-made vessels, yellowish pink E- ware and pale greenish straw impression G-ware (photo by Hasan Ashkanani).....................46 Figure 6.1. Chronological Chart of the late third-second millennium BC in Failaka Island and Bahrain sites (Højlund 2012). .........................................................................................117

Interregional Interaction and Dilmun Power

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