ENERGY DEMAND TRANSPORT 8 AT A GLANCE Aviation The total number of domestic passengers travelled Roads in 2014/15 was 12.23 million against 11.07 million in The shares of the road sector in the total traffic 2013/14, registering a growth of 10.47%. transported by road and rail were 66.4% freight and The total domestic freight carried in 2014/15 was 85.1% of passenger movement in 2012/13, compared to 0.12 MT against 0.081 MT in 2013/14, registering a 60.7% of freight and 83.1% of passenger movement in growth of 48.1%. 2001/02. Transport energy consumption The total number of registered vehicles in India increased The transport sector accounted for 70% of the total from 58.9 million in 2001/02 to 182.4 million in 2012/13. diesel consumption in the country in 2012/13. Railways Road Railways registered a 2.06% decline in passenger traffic The road sector accounted for 66.28% (about 48.33 from 8397 million passengers in 2013/14 to 8224 million MT) of the total diesel consumption in the country passengers in 2014/15. in 2012/13. Passenger kilometres increased by 0.59% from 1140 The road sector consumed 19.08 MT of motor spirit billion in 2013/14 to 1147 billion in 2014/15. and 0.16 MT of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in Revenue earning freight traffic handled by the railways 2014/15 compared to 17.13 MT of motor spirit and during 2014/15 was 1095.26 million tonnes (MT), 0.19 MT of LPG in 2013/14. registering a 4.15% increase, compared to 1051.64 MT in Rail 2013/14. The consumption of high-speed diesel (HSD) for Revenue earning freight traffic measured in terms of net locomotive services increased from 2789.26 million tonne kilometres increased by 2.39% from 665.81 billion litres in 2013/14 to 2856.85 million litres in 2014/15. in 2013/14 to 681.70 billion in 2014/15. Locomotives used 15 742.89 million kWh of Port and shipping electricity for traction purposes in 2014/15 Total traffic handled at all ports increased from 980.49 compared to 15 169.16 kWh in 2013/14. MT in 2013/14 to 1052.5 MT in 2014/15, registering a Shipping growth of 7.3%. The shipping sector consumed 0.343 MT of HSD, The major ports handled a total traffic of 581.33 MT 2090 tonnes of light diesel oil (LDO), and 0.334 MT during 2014/15 compared to 555.50 MT during 2013/14, of furnace oil in 2014/15 compared to 0.365 MT of representing an increase of about 4.65%. The non- HSD, 2430 tonnes of LDO, and 0.307 MT of furnace major ports handled about 416.97 MT in 2013/14, which oil in 2013/14. increased to 470.89 MT in 2014/15, representing an increase of about 12.9%. Aviation The consumption of aviation turbine fuel was 5.58 MT in 2014/15 compared to 5.50 MT in 2013/14, registering an increase of 1.3%. Energy demand Introduction road transport, railways, air transport, and water transport. Of all the products consumed within the India’s transport system is one of the largest in the transport sector, high-speed diesel (HSD) has been world and serves a land area of 3.3 million km2 and a the principal source of energy for the sector. The total population of more than 1.21 billion (MoHA 2011). consumption of HSD in the country in 2014/15 was The rapid growth of economic activity in India has 69.04 MT (MoPNG 2015). The transport sector led to increased trade and market participation accounted for 70% of diesel consumption, according in both urban and rural areas of the country. As a to a study by PCRA/Nielsen (PPAC 2013). Assuming result, demands for mobility and related energy used the same share of consumption over the past 2 years, for transport within the country have increased. The the transport sector would have consumed about 48.33 transport sector has become pivotal for ensuring MT of diesel in 2014/15. This energy consumption continued economic development of the country. pattern clearly reveals the large dependence of the The share of the transport sector in the gross transport sector on petroleum products, particularly domestic product (GDP) of India increased from diesel. Road and railway transport have been the 4.7% in 2011/12 to 4.9% in 2012/13 and then major consumers of HSD over the years, as shown in reduced to 4.8% in 2013/14. The contribution of Figure 1, followed by the shipping and aviation. The the road transport sector in the GDP also increased use of alternative fuels in the transport sector remains from 3.1% in 2011/12 to 3.2% in 2012/13 and then relatively modest, with electricity being used almost reduced to 3.1% in 2013/14, whereas the railways only in the railways. contribution to the GDP was 0.8% in both 2011/12 and 2012/13, which increased to 0.9% in 2013/14 Road (MoRTH 2015b). Between 1986/87 and 2007/08, freight transported Brief overview by road increased from 224 million tonnes (MT) to At 5.23 million km (as of 2013) (MoRTH 2015a), 1559 MT (596%). During the same period, freight India has one of the largest road networks in the world. traffic carried by the railways increased from 255.4 This comprises national highways, expressways, state MT to 768.72 MT (201%) (RITES 2012). highways, major district roads, other district roads, A number of factors are responsible for the limited and village roads. Road transport was responsible for growth of traffic in the railways compared to road. 3.1% of India’s GDP in 2013/14. Road traffic has Some of them include the rapid growth in road infrastructure, easy availability of finance for private mobility options, aggressive competition on road freight, and so on. The policy of the railways that prefers bulk movement has also not helped in this process. As a result, traffic shifted from rail to road, and non-bulk commodities that cannot be moved in large volumes at a time have progressively shifted to road transport. Between 2002/03 and 2012/13, the number of vehicles in the country grew at the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.5%. There has been a steep rise in the number of private vehicles (both two- and four-wheelers) in the last decade, mainly in cities. Key trends in the consumption of energy in the transport sector The transport sector accounts for a major chunk of Figure 1 Consumption of high-speed diesel in the total volume of petroleum products consumed different transport modes (in '000 tonnes) Source MoPNG (2015) in India. This includes the total consumption by 238 TERI Energy and Environment Data Diary and Yearbook 2015/16 (Updated Edition) Transport been growing rapidly in the past few decades. The connectivity of all major ports of the country. Phases shares of road traffic in the total traffic movement I and II of the NHDP involving the development of by roads and railways were around 66.5% of freight the NS–EW link and the Golden Quadrilateral have movement and 85.1% of passenger movement in been completed. Phase III involves four laning of 2012/13 compared to 60.7% of freight movement and high density traffic corridors not included in Phases I 84.5% of passenger movement in 2002/03 (MoRTH and II, connectivity of state capitals, and connectivity of 2015b). Table 1 gives the type and length of different centres of tourism and places of economic importance. road categories in India. Phase IV envisages upgrade of national highways to The Government of India has entrusted the two-lane with paved shoulder, and Phase V plans six National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) with laning of existing four-lane national highways. Phase the responsibility of implementing the National VI envisages the development of expressways under Highways Development Programme (NHDP). This the public–private partnership (PPP) model, which is is a flagship programme of the government and yet to be started. In Phase VII, ring roads, bypasses, is spread over seven phases (46 635 km) with an grade separators, flyovers, elevated roads, tunnels, estimated expenditure of about ` 600 000 crore. road overbridges, underpasses, and service roads Phases I and II of the NHDP included the will be constructed under the built–operate–transfer development of national highways to four- or six-lane (BOT) model. The various phases are currently being standards along the Golden Quadrilateral, North– undertaken simultaneously. Details of the various South (NS), and East–West (EW) diagonals and NHDP phases are given in Table 2. During the Eleventh Five-year Plan, 9044 km of national highways was completed under the NHDP. Table 1 Type and length of different road categories in India The target for the Twelfth Five-year Plan is to complete (as on 31 March 2013) 85 000 km by the end of the plan period. There is also Road type Length of road (km) a plan to develop 1000 km of expressways under the National highways 79 116 NHDP Phase IV and another 500 km of expressways State highways 169 227 (comprising 200 km through budgetary allotments Other public works departments roads 1 066 747 and 300 km through PPP mode) (MoRTH 2012a). Budget 2016/17 has laid special emphasis on road Rural roads 3 159 639 infrastructure and allocated ` 550 000 million for Urban roads 446 238 roads and highways.