THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/25116 SHARE Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research (2018) DETAILS 232 pages | 6 x 9 | PAPERBACK ISBN 978-0-309-47624-9 | DOI 10.17226/25116 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK Committee on Toward an Open Science Enterprise; Board on Research Data and Information; Policy and Global Affairs; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine FIND RELATED TITLES SUGGESTED CITATION National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2018. Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25116. 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Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This activity was supported by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. Any opin- ions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided sup- port for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-47624-9 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-47624-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018950760 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25116 Additional copies of this publication are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2018 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/ 25116. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongov- ernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to sci- ence and technology. Members are elected by their peers for out- standing contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineer- ing. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distin- guished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other ac- tivities to solve complex problems and inform public policy deci- sions. The National Academies also encourage education and re- search, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineer- ing, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence- based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclu- sions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review pro- cess and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task. Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discus- sions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Acad- emies. For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/what- wedo. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research COMMITTEE ON TOWARD AN OPEN SCIENCE ENTERPRISE Alexa T. McCray (NAM) (Chair), Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School Francine Berman, Edward P. Hamilton Distinguished Professor of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Michael Carroll, Professor of Law, American University Washington College of Law Donna Ginther, Professor, Department of Economics; Director, Center for Science, Technology and Economic Policy, University of Kansas Robert Miller, Chief Executive Officer, LYRASIS Peter Schiffer, Vice Provost for Research and Professor in Applied Physics, Yale University Edward Seidel, Vice President for Economic Development and Innovation, University of Illinois System; Founder Professor of Physics, Professor of Astronomy and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Alex Szalay, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University Lisa Tauxe (NAS), Distinguished Professor of Geophysics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego Heng Xu, Associate Professor of Information Sciences and Technology, College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University Principal Project Staff Tom Arrison, Program Director, Policy and Global Affairs Division (from November 2017) Emi Kameyama, Associate Program Officer, Board on Research Data and Information George Strawn, Director, Board on Research Data and Information Ester Sztein, Deputy Director, Board on Research Data and Information Nicole Lehmer, Senior Program Assistant, Board on Research Data and Information Alan Anderson, Consultant Christine Liu, Senior Program Officer (until October 2017) v Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research BOARD ON RESEARCH DATA AND INFORMATION Alexa McCray (NAM) (Chair), Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School Amy Brand, Director, MIT Press Kelvin Droegemeier, Vice President for Research, University of Oklahoma Stuart Feldman, Chief Scientist, Schmidt Futures Salman Habib, Senior Physicist and Computational Scientist, Argonne National Laboratory James Hendler, Director, Institute for Data Exploration and Applications, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Elliot Maxwell, Chief Executive Officer, e-Maxwell & Associates Barend Mons, Chair in Biosemantics, Leiden University Medical Center Sarah Nusser, Vice President for Research, Iowa State University Michael Stebbins, President, Science Advisors, LLC Bonnie Carroll,* Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Information International Associates (CODATA Secretary General) John Hildebrand (NAS),* Regents Professor of Neuroscience, University of Arizona (NAS Foreign Secretary) Paul Uhlir,* Consultant, Data Policy and Management (CODATA Executive Committee Member) Staff George Strawn, Director Tom Arrison, Program Director Ester Sztein, Deputy Director Emi Kameyama, Associate Program Officer Nicole Lehmer, Senior Program Assistant *Denotes ex-officio member. vi Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research Preface Just as society has been transformed by the digital revolution, so, too, have many aspects of the scientific enterprise. Publicly available data in federally spon- sored databases serve as starting points for many research investigations. Collab- orations are no longer hampered by geographic distance, and, in some cases, the majority or even all of the work is conducted by sharing digital research files, corresponding by email, and meeting virtually, with time zone differences being the only deterrent to the frequency of the meetings. Data are largely collected, stored, manipulated, and shared in electronic form. Research papers are prepared using word-processing software and are often formatted and submitted