3.1. Production: Opium/heroin 3.2. Coca/ Cocaine GLOBAL ILLICIT CULTIVATION OF COCA BUSH AND PRODUCTION OF COCA LEAF AND COCAINE, 1990-2005 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 CULTIVATION(a) OF COCA BUSH IN HECTARES Bolivia (b) 50,300 47,900 45,300 47,200 48,100 48,600 48,100 45,800 38,000 21,800 14,600 19,900 21,600 23,600 27,700 25,400 Colombia (c) 40,100 37,500 37,100 39,700 44,700 50,900 67,200 79,400 101,800 160,100 163,300 144,800 102,000 86,000 80,000 86,000 Peru (d) 121,300 120,800 129,100 108,800 108,600 115,300 94,400 68,800 51,000 38,700 43,400 46,200 46,700 44,200 50,300 48,200 Total 211,700 206,200 211,500 195,700 201,400 214,800 209,700 194,000 190,800 220,600 221,300 210,900 170,300 153,800 158,000 159,600 POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF DRY COCA LEAF IN METRIC TONS (e) Bolivia 77,000 78,000 80,300 84,400 89,800 85,000 75,100 70,100 52,900 22,800 13,400 20,200 19,800 27,800 38,000 30,900 Colombia 45,300 45,000 44,900 45,300 67,500 80,900 108,900 129,500 165,900 261,000 266,200 236,000 222,100 193,340 170,730 170,730 Peru 196,900 222,700 223,900 155,500 165,300 183,600 174,700 130,600 95,600 69,200 46,200 49,300 52,500 50,790 70,300 67,900 Total 319,200 345,700 349,100 285,200 322,600 349,500 358,700 330,200 314,400 353,000 325,800 305,500 294,400 271,930 279,030 269,530 POTENTIAL MANUFACTURE(f) OF COCAINE IN METRIC TONS Bolivia 189 220 225 240 255 240 215 200 150 70 43 60 60 79 107 90 Colombia (g) 92 88 91 119 201 230 300 350 435 680 695 617 580 550 640 640 Peru 492 525 550 410 435 460 435 325 240 175 141 150 160 155 190 180 Total 774 833 866 769 891 930 950 875 825 925 879 827 800 784 937 910 (a) Potentially harvestable, after eradication (b) Sources: 1990-2002: CICAD and US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report; 2003-2005: National Illicit Crop Monitoring System supported by UNODC. (c) Sources: 1990-1998: CICAD and US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report; 1999-2005: National Illicit Crop Monitoring System supported by UNODC. (d) Sources: 1990-1999: CICAD and US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report; 2000-2005: National Illicit Crop Monitoring System supported by UNODC. (e) Refers to the potential dry coca leaf production available for cocaine production, i. e. after deducting the amount, which governments report as being used for traditional or other purposes allowed under national law. In the absence of a standard definition of "dry coca leaf" and given considerable differences in the processing of the fresh coca leaf harvested, the figures may not always be comparable across countries. (f) Amounts of cocaine that could be manufactured from locally produced coca leaf (due to imports and exports actual amounts of cocaine manufactured in a country can differ) (g) Production data for 2004 and 2005 is based on new field research in Colombia. 237 World Drug Report 2006 Volume 2. Statistics 238 3.2. Production : Coca/Cocaine 3.2.1. Colombia During the 1980s and 1990s, Colombia became the country with the largest illicit coca growing area and cocaine production in the world. Illicit coca cultivation in the country expanded steadily throughout this period, in particular in remote areas of the Amazon basin. Although coca cultivation started to decrease in 2001, Colombia still remains the largest coca-growing country in the world. Through its global Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme, UNODC has been assisting the Government of Colombia in the implementation and refinement of a national coca monitoring system since 1999. After four years, decline of area under coca cultivation comes to a halt At the end of December 2005, 86,000 hectares of coca were cultivated in 23 out of the 32 Colombian departments. This represents an increase of 6,000 hectares (or + 8 per cent) since 2004 when coca cultivation reached 80,000 hectares. This was the first annual increase recorded after four consecutive annual decreases between 2000 and 2004. However, the 2005 level of coca cultivation remained much lower (- 47 per cent) than the peak of 163,000 hectares recorded in 2000. The most significant increase (+28 percent) was observed in the region of Putumayo-Caqueta. However, most of coca cultivation continued to take place in the region of Meta- Guaviare (30 per cent). In fact, 78 per cent of the 2005 cultivation took place in just seven departments, the same seven departments that also accounted for 78 per cent of 2004 total cultivation: Meta, Nariño, Putumayo, Guaviare, Vichada, Antioquia and Caqueta. New findings on yield show higher productivity of coca fields Between May 2005 and February 2006, the Colombian Government and UNODC jointly implemented a coca leaf yield survey in Colombia. The results of this survey indicated that coca leaf yields were higher than previously thought. Fresh coca leaf yield was established at 6,300 kg/hectare/yr. Average annual yield per hectare for pure cocaine hydrochloride reached 7.7 kg/hectare, compared to 4.7 kg/hectare previously used. Based on this new information, total cocaine production in Colombia was estimated at 640 metric tons for 2005. Cocaine production figures for 2003 and 2004 have been revised according to the new findings. Prices for coca paste and cocaine increase in US$ terms Compared to 2004, the prices for coca paste (- 0.5 per cent) and for cocaine (- 6 per cent) fell in Colombian Pesos (COP), while increasing in US dollar terms as the Peso gained strength against the US dollar. At the farm-gate level, the illegal market of coca leaf and its derivatives amounted to a gross value of US$ 843 million, equivalent to 0.7 percent of GDP in 2005 and 6 percent of agricultural GDP. It should be noted, however, that this value does not take into account production costs like herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers and wages. Aerial spraying and manual eradication reach record levels in 2005 Between 2004 and 2005, aerial spraying continued to be intense and for the fourth consecutive year was above 130, 000 hectares. In 2005, a total of 138,775 hectares were sprayed. In addition, the government also reported manual eradication of 31,285 hectares, a record compared to previous levels of 6,234 hectares in 2004 and 4,011 hectares in 2003. 239 World Drug Report 2006 Volume 2. Statistics Fact Sheet: Colombia Coca Survey 2005 Variation 2004 2005 on 2004 Net coca cultivation (rounded total) 80,000 ha + 8% 86,000 ha Of which Meta-Guaviare region 28,500 ha -9% 25,960 ha Pacific region 15,800 ha + 12% 17,630 ha Central region 15,100 ha + 4% 15,630 ha Putumayo-Caqueta region 10,900 ha +28% 13,950 ha Elsewhere 10,100 ha +24% 12,570 ha Reported cumulative aerial spraying 136,552 ha + 2% 138,755 ha 810 US$/kg 910 US$/kg +12 % Average farm-gate price of cocaine paste COP COP - 0.5% 2,119,000/kg 2,109,000/kg Total farm-gate value of the production of coca n/a US$ 843 million leaf and derivates Farm-gate value of coca base production in n/a 0.7% percent of GDP (US$ 122 billion in 2005) In percent of GDP of agricultural sector n/a 6% (US$ 13.8 billion in 2005) Annual use of fertilizers on coca fields 94,600 mt Annual use of herbicides on coca fields 1,387 mt Potential production of cocaine 640 mt 640 mt In percent of world cocaine production 68% 70% US$ 1,713 /kg US$ 1,860/kg + 9% Average cocaine price COP COP - 6% 4,600,000/kt 4,315,000/kg Reported seizure of cocaine 149,297 kg + 16% 173,265 kg Reported destruction of illegal laboratories14 1,865 + 5% 1,953 14 Includes laboratories processing coca paste/base, cocaine hydrochloride, heroin, morphine, Potassium permanganate, and non-specified 240 3.2. Production : Coca/Cocaine Colombia, coca cultivation (ha) 1990 – 2005 200,000 160,000 120,000 Hectares 80,000 40,000 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Cultivation 40,100 37,500 37,100 39,700 44,700 50,900 67,200 79,400 101,800 160,100 163,300 144,800 102,000 86,000 80,000 86,000 Colombia, main departments of coca cultivation (ha) 2004 – 2005 % of 2005 country Departments 2004 2005 % annual change total Meta 18,740 17,310 -8% 20% Nariño 14,154 13,880 -2% 16% Putumayo 4,386 8,960 104% 10% Guaviare 9,769 8,660 -11% 10% Viachada 4,692 7,830 67% 9% Antioqia 5,168 6,410 24% 7% Caquetá 6,500 4,990 -23% 6% Bolívar 3,402 3,670 8% 4% Cordoba 1,536 3,140 104% 4% Cauca 1,266 2,710 114% 3% Colombia, coca cultivation by regions (ha) 1999 – 2005 % change % of 2005 Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2004 - 2005 total Meta-Guaviare 36,978 36,603 28,977 28,507 25,970 -9% 30% Pacific 11,171 17,362 19,561 15,789 17,650 12% 21% Central 18,474 14,829 15,389 15,081 15,630 4% 18% Putumayo-Caqueta 61,636 22,137 14,789 10,888 13,950 28% 16% Orinoco 11,915 7,124 4,357 6,250 9,710 55% 11% Amazonian 3,768 3,018 2,508 2,588 2,320 -10% 3% Sierra Nevada 865 998 759 1,262 540 -57% 1% Rounded Total 145,000 102,000 86,000 80,000 86,000 8% 100% 241 World Drug Report 2006 Volume 2.