CHAPTER 3 ASSETS AT RISK AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS Chapter 3 Assets at risk and potential impacts 3.4 Critical infrastructures Coordinating Lead Authors John Agius Georgios Marios Karagiannis Online Version Agius, J., Karagiannis, G.M., Pescaroli, G., Galbusera, L., Theocharidou, M., Krausmann, E., Chaudhari, K., ‘Critical Infrastructures’, in: Casajus Valles, A., Marin Ferrer, M., Poljanšek, K., Clark, I. (eds.), Science for Disaster Risk Management 2020: acting today, protecting tomorrow, EUR 30183 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2020, ISBN 978-92-76-18182-8, doi:10.2760/571085, JRC114026. 327 3.4 Critical Infrastructures CONTENTS Introduction . 330 3.4.1 Emergency infrastructure facilities . 334 1 Introduction . 335 2 Role in the disaster cycle . 336 3 Challenges for operational continuity and organisational resilience . 337 3.1 Impacts on EMFIs of cascading effects. .337 3.2 Complex scenarios and compound and interacting drivers. .338 4 Examples and case studies . 339 4.1 Power outage in Auckland, February–March 1998 . .339 4.2 Flooding in Carlisle, January 2005. .340 4.3. Flooding in Parma, October 2014 . .342 5 A discussion of guidelines for operational continuity and resilience . 343 5.1 Operational standards and checklist . .345 5.2 Documentation in the European Union . .346 5.3. United Nations guidelines and checklists. .346 6 Conclusions and key messages . 347 3.4.2 Network infrastructures . 350 1 Introduction . 351 2 Case studies . 352 2.1. European power outages . 352 2.2 Transport-related failures . 354 3 Gaps and challenges . 356 4 Conclusions and key messsages . 359 4.1 Risk and resilience policies . 359 4.2. Modelling and simulation . 360 4.3 New technologies . 361 4.4. Exercises and stress tests . 361 3.4.3 Core industrial and energy facilities . 364 1 Introduction . 365 2 Case studies . 365 2.1 Spolana chemical accident, Czechia, 2002. .365 328 CHAPTER 3 ASSETS AT RISK AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS 2.2 Deepwater Horizon accident and oil spill, United States, 2010 . 367 2.3 Florakis naval base explosion and power blackout, Cyprus, 2011 . .368 3 Reducing impacts – gaps and challenges . 370 3.1 Risk governance . .370 3.2 Data availability, collection and analysis . .371 3.3 Risk assessment . 371 3.4 Cascading effects . 372 3.5 Emergency management . 373 4 Conclusions and key messages . 374 3.4.4 Communication systems . 378 1 Introduction . 379 2 Information and communication systems as a critical infrastructure . .380 2.1 Critical information infrastructures . .380 2.2 Rapid advances in technology – fast-changing communication infrastructures and services. .381 2.3 High level of dependency of European society on information and communication systems . .381 2.4 Cyber-dependent crime as an emerging challenge – new modalities of disaster . .382 2.5 Vulnerability of physical structures of communication and network systems . .383 3 Impacts . 384 3.1 Insights from ENISA reports on incidents . .384 3.2 Societal impact and isolation when communication systems are not available. .386 4 Cases: scenarios where communication networks have failed – examples of impact . .387 4.1 Storm Desmond: communication services lost as result of power outage due to flooding . .387 4.2 Manchester Arena bombing – communication services lost as a result of poor processes and configuration . 389 5 Proposed solutions . 390 6 Conclusions and key messages . 392 Conclusions . 394 References . 396 Introduction 3.4.1 Emergency infrastructures and facilities . 396 3.4.2 Network infrastructure . 398 3.4.3 Core industrial and energy facilities . 404 3.4.4 Communication systems . 406 Conclusions . ..