THE REGIONAL DIMENSION OF PEACE OPERATIONS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: Arrangements, Relationships, and the United Nations Responsibility for International Peace and Security Edited by AMOS G. ADEDEJI and ISTIFANUS S. ZABADI Published in 2004 by National War College, Abuja, Nigeria © National War College, Abuja, Nigeria Printed by Planet Press Limited 443 Badagry Expressway, Alakija - Lagos. ISBN: 978-2913-06-5 Copyright of this Report belongs to National War College, Nigeria. Written permission to reprint or republish in any form must be sought and obtained from the College. To order this Report, please write to: National War College P.M.B. 323, Garki Abuja, Nigeria Tel: +234 (0) 9 2347606 Email: [email protected] For further information about the Challenges Project, please contact the Project Coordinators at: Folke Bernadotte Academy 87264 Sandoverken Sweden Tel: +45 (0) 612 Email: [email protected] iii THE REGIONAL DIMENSION OF PEACE OPERATIONS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: Arrangements, Relationships, and the United Nations Responsibility for International Peace and Security Proceedings of the Abuja International Seminar of the Project on Challenges of Peace Operations: Into the 21st Century 31 May – 4 June 2004 Edited by AMOS G. ADEDEJI and ISTIFANUS S. ZABADI National War College Abuja, Nigeria iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ............................................................................... v Foreword ............................................................................... xi Acknowledgements .............................................................. xiii World Map showing Global Network of Challenges Partner Organisations ............................................................ xvi PART 1: FULL TEXT OF ADDRESSES AND PAPERS PRESENTED AT OPENING CEREMONY AND MAIN SESSIONS OPENING SESSION Welcome Address ................................................................... 1 Alhaji Rabiu Kwankwaso Opening Remarks .................................................................... 4 Ambassador Michael Sahlin The Challenges Project: Coordination and Update Report ........................................................................ 7 Annika Hilding-Norberg Keynote Address .................................................................... 13 Ambassador Olu Adeniji SECTION I: MAJOR ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE UN AND REGIONAL ORGANISATIONS IN PEACE OPERATIONS 19 Major Issues and Opportunities in the Interface Between the UN and Regional Organisations in Peace Operations: 21 Perspective from the United Nations ........................................ Mr. Souren Seraydarian Major Issues and Opportunities in the Interface Between the UN and Regional Organisations in Peace Operations: Perspective from the African Union ........................................ 31 Ambassador Sam Ibok Major Issues and Opportunities in the Interface Between the UN and Regional Organisations in Peace Operations: Perspective from the ECOWAS ............................................... Dr. Mohammed Ibn Chambas 37 SECTION II: 45 REGIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND THE CHALLENGES OF INITIATING AND SUSTAINING PEACE OPERATIONS Challenges of Collective Regional Security: The SADC Experience in Initiating and Sustaining Regional Peace Operations. ................... Col. Festus Aboagye (Rtd.) 47 International and Regional Cooperation within the UN Framework: Lessons Learned from UNMIL Interim Headquarters .................... 70 Brig. Sten Edholm Peace Keeping and Peace Building in the Pacific .......................... Gp Capt Garry Dunbar 78 SECTION III: STATE AND NON-STATE ACTORS IN REGIONAL 87 PEACE OPERATIONS Civil – Military Relationship in Complex Emergencies ................... Mr. Manuel Bessler 88 Consolidating Peace in Liberia: UNMIL, ECOWAS, State and Non-State Actors ............................................................................... 106 Mr. Souren Serayderian UN and OSCE: Cooperation and Coordination ............................ 118 Prof. Ali L. Karaosmanoglu and Ms Sebnem Udum Women and Regional Peace Operations .......................................... 132 Ms Yasmin Jusu–Sheriff SECTION IV: INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR CAPACITY BUILDING FOR REGIONAL PEACE OPERATIONS International Support for Capacity Building for Regional Peace Operations: Perspective from Africa ............................................. 141 Ambassador Sam Ibok International Support for Capacity Building for Regional Peace Operations: A European Police Perspective .................................... 147 Mr. Lars Forste International Support for Capacity Building for Regional Peace Operations: Perspective on South America .................................. Dr. Erling Dessau 152 International Support for Capacity Building for Regional Peace Operations: Perspective from a Member State. .......................... 162 Lt. Gen. Martin L. Agwai The Creation of “Rule of Law” Tools for Use by Member States in Peace Operations ................................................................................ 178 Ms Vivienne O’Connor CONCLUDING SESSION: 185 COORDINATION AND COOPERATION BETWEEN ORGANISATIONS IN BUILDING CAPACITY FOR EFFECTIVE PEACE OPERATIONS Summary of Issues .............................................................................. 186 Ambassador Glyn Berry 197 Concluding Remarks I ........................................................................ Ambassador Michael Sahlin Concluding Remarks II ....................................................................... 200 Rear Admiral Amos G. Adedeji PART 2: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RAPPORTEURS’ REPORT 203 Executive Summary ......................................................................... 204 Rapporteurs’ Report ..................................................................... 208 PART 3: APPENDICES 235 Appendix A: List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ......................... 236 Appendix B: Seminar Programme .................................................. 241 Appendix C: Brief Profiles of Key Resource Persons .................. 247 Appendix D: List of Seminar Participants ...................................... 256 Appendix E: Organising Committee ............................................... 265 Appendix F: Members of Secretariat Committee .......................... 266 Appendix G: Contact Addresses of Partner Organisations .... 267 Appendix H: The Road to Abuja: Challenges Project Seminars from September 1997 to June 2004 ........... 270 Appendix I: About National War College, Nigeria ......... 272 ix FOREWORD Regional peace operations have been a growing feature of peace operations generally, since the 1990s. Such operations have been mounted by regional organizations in Africa and Europe, mostly by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Cote d’Ivoire and Guinea Bissau, and by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in the former Republic of Yugoslavia. Considering the prominent role which Nigeria played in pioneering this process in the West Africa sub-region and the military, political, diplomatic and humanitarian issues which she has had to deal with in initiating and sustaining these operations, it was a fitting honour for our country to host the 14th edition of the Challenges of Peace Operations Seminar and, thereby, formally join the multilateral network of partner countries that are involved in the Challenges Project. This book is a compilation of edited versions of the papers that were presented at the Abuja Seminar, which was held from 31st May to 4th June 2004. As the organizers of the Seminar had intended from the onset, this compilation covers a wide range of the issues that have been encountered repeatedly, not only in the management of regional peace operations in general, but particularly in the relationship between regional organizations and the United Nations in the conduct of such operations. I am delighted to note that this book is a further addition to the already considerable but yet growing body of literature that has been generated by the Challenges Project since its inception in 1997. We hope that the richness, depth, diversity and relevance of its contents will add both to academic discourse on peace operations and to practical knowledge towards achieving improvements in the field in the 21st century. We also hope that the issues that have been raised and addressed in this volume will enrich the Phase II Concluding Report of the Challenges Project which is due for publication in 2005. Furthermore, I am pleased to note that with this publication, the National War College, Nigeria, is continuing to honour its obligations as a strong Partner Organization of the Challenges Project and as the contact institution between the Nigerian peace operations community and other partner organizations worldwide. Our partners can be assured that we will always fulfill our obligations as a responsible member x country and that we shall apply the outcome of the Project scrupulously, towards enhancing our nation’s performance in the peace operations of the 21st century. Finally, I congratulate the many experts – diplomats, soldiers and scholars –who, from their various fields of endeavour, contributed to this important work. In pursuit of our goal of achieving greater success in peace operations, and more fundamentally in preventing the eruption of violent conflicts in the first place, I am sure that this book will prove a very valuable material for all those involved