Missionary Advocate

Missionary Advocate

<p>MISSIONARY ADVOCATE. </p><p>HIS DOMINION SHALL BE FROM SEA EVEN TO SEA, AND FROM THE RIVER EVEN TO THE ENDS OF THE EARTH. </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>VOLUME XL </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>NEW-YORK, JANUARY, 1856. </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>NUMBER 10. </strong></li></ul><p></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">THB </li><li style="flex:1">“</li><li style="flex:1">ROTAL PALACE&nbsp;” AT&nbsp;OFIN .&nbsp;IN THE IJE&nbsp;B U&nbsp;COUNTRY. </li></ul><p></p><p>in distant&nbsp;lands, and&nbsp;direct their&nbsp;attention to&nbsp;the little gardens which here and there have been fenced in from the wilderness.&nbsp;But it will&nbsp;not do&nbsp;always to dwell on these, lest in what haB been done&nbsp;we forget all that remains to be done.&nbsp;W e&nbsp;must betimes look from these pleasant spots to&nbsp;the dreary wastes beyond, that, reminded of the misery of millions to&nbsp;whom as yet no missionaries have been sen’t,&nbsp;we may redouble our efforts, and haste to the help of those who are perishing for the lack of knowledge. </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>JAPAN. </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>AFRICA. </strong></li></ul><p></p><p>Ait a&nbsp;r r iv a l&nbsp;at San&nbsp;Francisco, of a gentleman who went out from that port to Japan&nbsp;on a trading&nbsp;expedition, affords the following information:— <br>A bove&nbsp;is presented a sketch taken in the Ijebu&nbsp;country, an African district on the&nbsp;Bight of Benin, lying to the southwest of Egba, where the missionaries arc at work. In Egba they have several stations—a&nbsp;t Abbeokuta, and Ibadan, and Ijaye, &amp;e.; but into Ijebu they are only beginning to find entrance.&nbsp;It is much to be desired that the Gospel of Christ should be introduced among the Ijebu people.&nbsp;They stand&nbsp;in great need of it.&nbsp;They have been foremost in slave-trading transactions, and when driven from the coast, and discountenanced at Abbeokuta, it is in Ijebu that the&nbsp;agents of that barbarous traffic&nbsp;have found a hiding-place, and await the time when, as they hope, a favourable opportunity may be presented&nbsp;for its revival.&nbsp;These African countries are all overrun with superstition;&nbsp;but in&nbsp;the Ijebu country it exercises&nbsp;an especial influence.&nbsp;It spreads abroad like die thick bush, covering&nbsp;the face&nbsp;of the lan d ;&nbsp;and in its gloomy depths many fearful crimes are perpetrated. Human&nbsp;sacrifices are prevalent: and,&nbsp;as the traveller&nbsp;passes along, the traces of these horrid rites may be seen in the skulls&nbsp;of victims&nbsp;nailed to the trunks of trees in&nbsp;the sacred groves.&nbsp;Sometimes the victims- are buried alive.&nbsp;Narrow holes are dug for the purpose, in&nbsp;which the sufferers are placed standing: the earth&nbsp;is then&nbsp;thrown in, the head just rising over the living grave in which the body is buried.&nbsp;It is one of those dark&nbsp;regions into which the&nbsp;missionaries need to enter; that&nbsp;they may&nbsp;cut down some of the thick branches, and&nbsp;make an&nbsp;opening for&nbsp;the bright rays of the,Sun of Righteousness to break in, that the things to be reproved may be “&nbsp;made manifest&nbsp;by the&nbsp;light 5 for whatsoever doth&nbsp;make manifest&nbsp;is light.”&nbsp;A t&nbsp;present the darkness is so intenite that the people&nbsp;know not how to discriminate between good and&nbsp;evil. W&nbsp;e often tell our frisnds of the happy results of&nbsp;missionary work <br><em>The religion </em>of this country is as strange as the people themselves. Our&nbsp;short stay here&nbsp;has not afforded us much opportunity to become&nbsp;conversant with all&nbsp;their vocations and religious opinions.&nbsp;So far as&nbsp;I know of them I will write you.&nbsp;First, they havo no Sabbath&nbsp;or weeks, but divide the&nbsp;time by moons and&nbsp;half moons. Hence the first and&nbsp;middle of each month&nbsp;is observed as a day of&nbsp;rest or recreation.&nbsp;On those&nbsp;days no appearance of activity is&nbsp;to be&nbsp;seen. All&nbsp;the houses are closed, and the inmates spend&nbsp;their time&nbsp;in eating and licentious enjoyments, to&nbsp;such an&nbsp;extent, the Russians say, as to become perfectly abhorrent to an enlightened mind. W&nbsp;hat takes place in their houses&nbsp;on those days I am&nbsp;unable to say&nbsp;from observation,&nbsp;but I&nbsp;have noticed their excluding themselves from the streets on those days.&nbsp;Temples are built all&nbsp;over the country, where there is a&nbsp;spot sufficiently picturesque to meet their idea of a temple site.&nbsp;In the temple a priest lives, </p><p>R e v . F. B u </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">r</li><li style="flex:1">n</li><li style="flex:1">s</li></ul><p></p><p>writes under date of September <br>14th:— </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">I</li><li style="flex:1">have the pleasure of saying that this leaves the </li></ul><p>missionaries in their&nbsp;usual health, so far as I have had the opportunity of being particularly informed.&nbsp;From <em>sister Staunton &nbsp;</em>we have heard&nbsp;nothing since she left in the Estelle for Cape Palmas, five weeks&nbsp;ago. <em>Miss Kil- patrick </em>continues to suffor from&nbsp;attacks of fever&nbsp;with greater or less severity.&nbsp;<em>Miss Brown &nbsp;</em>passes along as&nbsp;with as many&nbsp;wives as he wishes,&nbsp;and to all appearances leads a life of&nbsp;licentious debauchery.&nbsp;In front of each temple is a large bell, which is sounded at certain hours of the day,&nbsp;or, according&nbsp;to my observation,&nbsp;at any hour it may suit the&nbsp;pleasure of the buns or priests, and that is a signal that he goes to prayer.&nbsp;None come at the sound of&nbsp;the bell, nor does it appear that the object is to call&nbsp;the people in.&nbsp;The priest sits&nbsp;down in front of an altar with a small taper burning, and, with a small mallet in one hand and a. string of beads in the other, he begins to&nbsp;hum or half&nbsp;sing a certain number of words—“Am&nbsp;Jam Am,”—at&nbsp;the same time rapidly <br>-well i f&nbsp;not better than ordinarily falls to the lot of missionaries to this country.&nbsp;<em>Mrs. Wilkins </em>has been somewhat unwell, brought on undoubtedly through excessive fatigue. <em>Cape Mount</em>,—A letter from Cape Mount at this mo- </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">ment informs me that </li><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">grand council.of the&nbsp;chiefs, </li></ul><p>assembled to talk&nbsp;over the&nbsp;difficulties and effect a settlement On some terms of general peace, have succeeded in bringing their misunderstandings to an accommodation; so&nbsp;that now,&nbsp;as brother Williams states it, there is a very cheering prospect of a general adjustment of their difficulties, and a rest-from war. </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">striking a wooden bell&nbsp;or tub, and then </li><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">copper one, </li></ul><p>and so on alternately for an&nbsp;hour or so,&nbsp;except sometimes he ceases&nbsp;to strike&nbsp;with the mallet, and rubs the beads together with&nbsp;both hands,&nbsp;and renders his&nbsp;voice finer, or more&nbsp;slow and plaintive.&nbsp;This appears to&nbsp;be all the worship they have, and&nbsp;their belief is that the priest can and must do all the praying.&nbsp;There appears to be no solemnity attached to this service by the people <br><em>Miss Brown </em>w rite s T h ro u g h&nbsp;the kindness&nbsp;of our heavenly Father our lives&nbsp;are still spared.&nbsp;My own health is tolerably good’ though&nbsp;for some weeks past I have had&nbsp;occasional chills,&nbsp;accompanied with nervous&nbsp;or the priest; for go into a&nbsp;temple during prayer,&nbsp;and the priest gets up&nbsp;and begins to laugh and&nbsp;ask questions, <em>See., </em>the same&nbsp;as though&nbsp;we entered a&nbsp;shop. In short, I am informed that the people&nbsp;in general halve no respect for their priests, but&nbsp;treat them as we&nbsp;would some outcast from&nbsp;society. ?£he&nbsp;field for missionary headache. Hoping&nbsp;th a t&nbsp;God in&nbsp;his good providence may yet spare&nbsp;our lives and permit&nbsp;us to be&nbsp;useful, I-; remain affectionately desirous of the continued prayers of all oar friends. </p><p>N o.&nbsp;130. </p><p><strong>74 </strong></p><p>M I S S I O N A R Y&nbsp;A D V O C A T E . </p><p>house to honse, and also holding meetings with a great number of school children </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">labour must&nbsp;be unlimited&nbsp;here. </li><li style="flex:1">I</li><li style="flex:1">trust ere long that </li><li style="flex:1">eral press, and&nbsp;is cherished&nbsp;by millions&nbsp;o f&nbsp;the people. </li></ul><p>Spanish Protestants—the living fruit, some of them, of our own&nbsp;mission—are associated in prayer&nbsp;and in labour too.&nbsp;Every L&nbsp;ord’s day, although no&nbsp;spire marks the spot, nor any bell summons to the assembly, spiritual worshippers&nbsp;meet together&nbsp;; and we believe that, according to promise, our&nbsp;Master is&nbsp;in the midst of them. Voices&nbsp;that were first&nbsp;trained to&nbsp;the language of praise in&nbsp;Wesleyan congregations mingle in the praises that arc offered in the&nbsp;capital of&nbsp;Spain. Nay, there is more than one congregation; there are more than two or three.&nbsp;<em>Many </em>such companies assemble, and that not on the Lord’s&nbsp;day only.&nbsp;From the central metropolis of&nbsp;Spain to the chief capitals in the circuit of the kingdom, earnest men are engaged in circulating the word of God, in advocating the principles of&nbsp;Protestant Christianity, in&nbsp;justifying the Reformation of the sixteenth century, and in advising separation from the Church of Rome.&nbsp;Christian publications are actually </p><p>passing through i:&nbsp;The <strong>P r e s s&nbsp;</strong>of the <em>Religious Reform in </em></p><p><em>Spain,” </em>of which&nbsp;the imprints are before us as we write. Various agencies have contributed, no doubt, to results which already assume an&nbsp;importance beyond all calculation ; but wo hesitate not to say that our mission, the only one that ever provided stated ministrations of&nbsp;the Gospel to Spanish congregations, has been the chief of them.” we shall see American enterprise&nbsp;exhibiting itself in Japan. Not&nbsp;long since some of the leading officers of thin government came to visit me on business, and their attention was attracted to&nbsp;a sacred picture or painting hanging on the wall.&nbsp;They asked&nbsp;me what it was intended <br>“ The young hearts of the children were much affected while listening to the story of&nbsp;the love of Jesus, and I could not but wish for the privilege of planting these in the house of&nbsp;the Lord,&nbsp;that they m&nbsp;ight grow up as plants of righteousness ” </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">to represent? </li><li style="flex:1">I</li><li style="flex:1">replied, Our&nbsp;Saviour in&nbsp;his mother’s </li></ul><p>arms. They&nbsp;asked if people in our country had wings&nbsp;? I said&nbsp;no—they represented angels.&nbsp;“ A h a!”&nbsp;said they, “ angels! we&nbsp;have none in&nbsp;Ja p an ;”&nbsp;manifesting the most perfect surprise&nbsp;and ignorance of&nbsp;beings like us </p><p><em>Preaching on </em>a <em>steamer</em>.—On the 9th of August I took </p><p>steamer for the city of Calmar, and the privilege of speaking the word of God was given me.&nbsp;Arriving at Calmar, I held a meeting and visited several families. On the 11th of August I was called to visit a dying young man who much&nbsp;longed after the&nbsp;word of God. <strong>He </strong>listened with joy. and soon after took his departure </p><p>for the heavenly land. On the 12th I had a large meeting, and the grace of God was with me.&nbsp;After meeting,&nbsp;a young married man sought&nbsp;to have some private conversation with me, being under deep conviction on account of his lost </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">having wings. </li><li style="flex:1">I</li><li style="flex:1">asked them if they&nbsp;would not like </li></ul><p>some here.&nbsp;They said, “&nbsp;N o ;&nbsp;we like not angels.” Yesterday, while&nbsp;these same officers were&nbsp;here discussing some question about my right to stay here,&nbsp;&amp;c., the interpreter accidentally picked up the Bible lying on the table, and began to read&nbsp;aloud to me from the first chapter of Genesis ; and he read four&nbsp;verses quite plain, and stopped, looked to me and&nbsp;said, “ W&nbsp;hat book&nbsp;is this 7”&nbsp;I told him it was the Bible, the American book of religion; that&nbsp;all families had one,&nbsp;and it&nbsp;was the only book in the world that told how&nbsp;the world and he </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">state by nature. </li><li style="flex:1">I</li><li style="flex:1">showed unto him the way of salva- </li></ul><p>tion and prayed with him.&nbsp;He fully&nbsp;resolved upon seeking and&nbsp;finding eternal&nbsp;life at whatever cost.&nbsp;He accompanied me to the evening meeting, and&nbsp;there, with several of&nbsp;our friends, we&nbsp;again united&nbsp;in prayer for him, and he experienced sensible comfort and assurance from the Lord, through Jesus Christ, that his sins were blotted&nbsp;out. </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">and I originated. </li><li style="flex:1">I</li><li style="flex:1">asked him to take it and keep i&nbsp;t ; </li></ul><p>but he declined, saying, “&nbsp;I cannot,&nbsp;although I would be glad to do so;” and&nbsp;at this time he&nbsp;got such a.&nbsp;look from the other officers as obliged him to close it at once, and put it away.&nbsp;From what&nbsp;I have&nbsp;seen and what I can learn, I am convinced that&nbsp;the Bible and its teaching would produce most&nbsp;wonderful and most speedy change h&nbsp;ere; but&nbsp;whether or&nbsp;not the emperor would allow of its promulgation here is&nbsp;more than I can say. I am under the impression that he would resist it most firmly. I&nbsp;do hope that before this year ends some will attem pt&nbsp;to teach its principles here. <br>DC?" In&nbsp;a single town&nbsp;in Spain there are nearly four thousand persons who have abandoned&nbsp;papal worship, and who assiduously study the Holy Scriptures as their only rule and&nbsp;standard. In&nbsp;other towns there arc <br>On the 14th I held a meeting with some very aged persons, one of whom came&nbsp;to me the next day to inquire the way of life.&nbsp;She said her sins were a weariness to her, and&nbsp;sin itself&nbsp;was abominable in&nbsp;her eves. </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">I</li><li style="flex:1">assured her&nbsp;that the Lord had commenced </li><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">good </li></ul><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">many persons, including&nbsp;not </li><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">few of the clergy, who </li></ul><p>work in her, and was&nbsp;more willing&nbsp;to fulfil the good pleasure of&nbsp;his will&nbsp;in saving her than she&nbsp;was to be saved. I&nbsp;then went on to repeat the gracious promises made to penitent seekers.&nbsp;H er&nbsp;eyes poured out tears in great measure,&nbsp;and she cried out suddenly,&nbsp;“ I&nbsp;beprotest against the tyranny and superstitions of&nbsp;the Church of Rome, and&nbsp;declare themselves desirous of further light. </p><p><strong>INDIA. </strong></p><p><strong>f .</strong>—<strong>A </strong>farewell meeting was held in E&nbsp;d- </p><p><strong>R e </strong></p><p><strong>t</strong></p><p><strong>. D r . D </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>o</strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>f</strong></li></ul><p></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">lieve </li><li style="flex:1">I</li><li style="flex:1">am saved&nbsp;by grace for Christ’s sake!”&nbsp;Her </li></ul><p>inburgh, Scotland,&nbsp;to congratulate&nbsp;the renowned&nbsp;mis-' burden was removed, and she was at liberty to&nbsp;praise </p><p><strong>SANDWICH ISLANDS. </strong></p><p>God. sionary, Dr. Duff, on his restored health, and his speedy </p><p><strong>R e v . </strong>W .&nbsp;S. <strong>T u r n e r , </strong>the pastor of the little flock </p><p>lately gathered&nbsp;in Honolulu,&nbsp;writing some&nbsp;time since, says :—“ Our new church is to be ready to be dedicated by the first of November at furthest.&nbsp;This will give us an opportunity to accommodate many.of the seamen, who are generally numerous at that season of the year. Four thousand dollars is the sum at which the contract has been taken ; three thousand three&nbsp;hundred dollars of the amount has been secured.&nbsp;There is a large field here for a Methodist minister.&nbsp;There are probably from twelve to fifteen hundred&nbsp;white residents&nbsp;in this city. W&nbsp;e think we are safe in saying that six hundred of these&nbsp;scarcely ever attend any place of worship. These are principally mechanics and labouring&nbsp;men. For the encouragement of those interested,&nbsp;we would say some few have united as&nbsp;seekers of salvation.&nbsp;In our pastoral visits we find our quota of backsliders, who who oncc&nbsp;stood connected with our own and other </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">The next day </li><li style="flex:1">I</li><li style="flex:1">held a meeting in a gentleman’s </li></ul><p>departure for India.&nbsp;Two other missionaries of&nbsp;the </p><p>Free Church, the Rev. Messrs.&nbsp;Braidwood and Mitchell, driven from India&nbsp;by the&nbsp;failure of their health,&nbsp;are also sufficiently recruited to return to&nbsp;their former sphere of labour.&nbsp;The Free&nbsp;Church of Scotland has done more for the evangelization of India than any other Church, having&nbsp;concentrated her&nbsp;whole strength on that part of the world.&nbsp;Dr. Duff was the pioneer in this enterprise in 1829;&nbsp;other noble men have&nbsp;been associated with&nbsp;h im ;&nbsp;and the&nbsp;most brilliant success has followed their labours in Calcntta, Bombay, and house. Many&nbsp;of the&nbsp;respectable people were present, and the grace of God was with me. On the 18th and 19th I held very large meetings,&nbsp;and, thanks be to God ! they were not&nbsp;in vain;&nbsp;for the second day after a&nbsp;young man came&nbsp;to me with tears of joy, and said that himself and another young man had by those services been brought to see Jesus Christ, as having by the grace of God tasted death for them, and they were also enabled to believe on him to the saving of their souls. On the 20th&nbsp;I travelled further&nbsp;up into the country, and visited from house to house, speaking the word of God and&nbsp;selling some&nbsp;books. In&nbsp;the evening I held a meeting in a&nbsp;school-house with some children,&nbsp;and afterward prayed with a sick youth. On the 21st I met with one who was in earnest to be serviceable in the cause&nbsp;of the Redeemer; but&nbsp;in consequence of being out of books I returned to Calmar, with a purpose to go back to Westervik.&nbsp;My return to Calmar was&nbsp;not without profit,&nbsp;for I fell in company with one who knew herself undone by sin,&nbsp;but who also knew there must be a&nbsp;remedy in&nbsp;C hrist;&nbsp;and while I <br>Madras. Dr. Duff returned to&nbsp;Scotland two years ago, at the request of the parent missionary committee, to go through the length and breadth of Scotland to organize associations for the support of foreign missions;&nbsp;but in consequence of his&nbsp;heroic exertions in this&nbsp;work, and&nbsp;opened up the Scriptures, which set&nbsp;forth Chiist crucified, Christ risen again and&nbsp;interceding for us, she saw and embraced and confessed Christ as her Saviour and his subsequent visit to America, he has been for the <br>Churches.” last seven months completely&nbsp;laid aside.&nbsp;Now, how- </p><p>ever, his&nbsp;medical advisers pronounce&nbsp;him sufficiently restored to warrant his return to Calcutta, and in a few weeks Dr. Duff, with Messrs. Braidwood and Mitchell, will return to their former&nbsp;posts of&nbsp;usefulness, taking with them five young men just ordained to the work of the ministry, two of whom are to&nbsp;fill the&nbsp;places of the Rev. Messrs. Anderson&nbsp;and Nesbit, lately&nbsp;removed by death, and the other three to&nbsp;be a permanent&nbsp;addition to the number&nbsp;of the missionaries of the Free Church <br>Redeemer. <br>Brother Turner represents the morals of the foreign </p><p>population to&nbsp;be such as&nbsp;demand the faithful and <br>I stopped in Calmar a few days, and&nbsp;held meetings. On the 25th&nbsp;of August I left Calmar for Westervik, where I remained until the&nbsp;18th of&nbsp;September; from thence I returned again to Calmar.&nbsp;D uring&nbsp;the time I earnest services of a minister of Jesus Christ. </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">was in Westervik </li><li style="flex:1">I</li><li style="flex:1">held several m&nbsp;eetings: and&nbsp;may </li></ul><p>tell, to&nbsp;the praise of the grace of God, that two persons, who had been awakened&nbsp;before I left to make the visit to Calmar,&nbsp;of which&nbsp;I have&nbsp;given an account,&nbsp;were now happy in&nbsp;the knowledge of their sins forgiven.&nbsp;Many salutations to Dr. Durbin, and&nbsp;to all&nbsp;the brethren and friends at the Bethel ship ! </p><p><strong>CHINA. </strong></p><p><strong>R e v . R&nbsp;. </strong>S. <strong>M a c&nbsp;a y&nbsp;</strong>writes us from&nbsp;Fuh-Chau, China, <strong>l</strong></p><p>July 20, 1855 <em>Monday</em>, <em>June </em>18, it was our privilege&nbsp;to wclcome&nbsp;to our mission the&nbsp;Rev. E. Wentworth, D.&nbsp;D., with his wife and son.&nbsp;W e&nbsp;join them and the Church in devout thanksgiving to God for his&nbsp;great mercy in&nbsp;bringing them to the end&nbsp;of their voyage&nbsp;in health and peace; and most fervently do we pray&nbsp;that they may long and says, in&nbsp;a late number of the <em>Wes- </em>faithfully labour for the salvation of the perishing hosts in British India. <br>S P A I N . <br>Ce t&nbsp;l o k .— A&nbsp;governor in Ceylon, acting in the&nbsp;spirit </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">of the British&nbsp;constitution, impannelled </li><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">jury of in- </li></ul><p></p><p><strong>R e v . </strong>W .&nbsp;H. <strong>R u l </strong></p><p><strong>e</strong></p><p>quest on a m&nbsp;an found drowned.&nbsp;It happened&nbsp;that all the members of the jury were Mohammedans, and they returned the solemn&nbsp;and significant&nbsp;verdict, “&nbsp;His time was come.” of this&nbsp;city. </p><p><em>leyan Methodist M agazine</em>:— <br><em>The two Mission Schools &nbsp;</em>have gone forward&nbsp;as usual </p><p>during the quarter.&nbsp;The chapel&nbsp;in the Chong-Seng <br>W e&nbsp;have ourselves laboured in Spain.&nbsp;W e&nbsp;have now two missionaries in Gibraltar, of&nbsp;whom the senior is at present specially engaged in promoting the operations of the Bible Society.&nbsp;W hile&nbsp;Austria, a powerful military empire, crouches before the Roman court, seals, by a concordat, its abandonment&nbsp;of civil control over the priesthood, and places its neck prostrate under the foot of the pontiff; Spain,&nbsp;a weaker nation,&nbsp;long torn by civil war, and&nbsp;proverbially impoverished, dares to spurn the yoke&nbsp;of papal supremacy,&nbsp;confiscates, for the second time within our&nbsp;own memory,&nbsp;the property of the Church,&nbsp;dismisses the nuncio,&nbsp;and coerces the </p>

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