The New World Monkeys NEW WORLD PRIMATE TAG Husbandry WORKSHOP Taxonomy of New World primates circa 1980’s Suborder Anthropoidea Infraorder Platyrrhini SuperFamily Ceboidea Family Callitrichidae Cebidae Aotus Leontopithecus Owl Monkeys Lion Tamarins Callicebus Saguinus Titi Monkeys Tamarins Cebus Cacajao Capuchin Monkeys Uakaris Callithrix Marmosets Chiropotes Saimiri Bearded Sakis Cebuella Squirrel Monkeys Pygmy Marmosets Pithecia Sakis Alouatta Howler Monkeys Callimico Goeldi’s Monkey Ateles Spider Monkeys Brachyteles Woolly Spider Monkeys (Muriqui) Lagothrix Woolly Monkeys Taxonomy of New World primates circa 1990’s Suborder Anthropoidea Infraorder Platyrrhini SuperFamily Ceboidea Family Callitrichidae Atelidae Aotus Leontopithecus Owl Monkeys Lion Tamarins Cebidae Callicebus Saguinus Titi Monkeys Tamarins Cebus Cacajao Capuchin Monkeys Uakaris Callithrix Marmosets Chiropotes Saimiri Bearded Sakis Cebuella Suirrel Monkeys Pygmy Marmosets Pithecia Sakis Alouatta Howler Monkeys Callimico Goeldi’s Monkey Ateles Spider Monkeys Brachyteles Woolly Spider Monkeys (Muriqui) Lagothrix Woolly Monkeys Taxonomy of New World primates circa 1990’s Suborder Anthropoidea Infraorder Platyrrhini SuperFamily Ceboidea Family Callitrichidae Atelidae Aotus Leontopithecus Owl Monkeys Lion Tamarins Cebidae Callicebus Saguinus Titi Monkeys Tamarins Cebus Cacajao Capuchin Monkeys Uakaris Callithrix Marmosets Chiropotes Saimiri Bearded Sakis Cebuella Suirrel Monkeys Pygmy Marmosets Pithecia Sakis Alouatta *DNA analysis Howler Monkeys Callimico suggested that Cebus Goeldi’s Monkey Ateles and Saimiri were more Spider Monkeys similar to Callitrichines Brachyteles than Atelids Woolly Spider Monkeys (Muriqui) Lagothrix Woolly Monkeys Taxonomy of New World primates circa 1990’s Suborder Anthropoidea Infraorder Platyrrhini SuperFamily Ceboidea Family Cebidae Atelidae Aotus Leontopithecus Owl Monkeys Lion Tamarins Callicebus Saguinus Titi Monkeys Tamarins Cacajao Uakaris Callithrix Marmosets Chiropotes Bearded Sakis Cebuella Pygmy Marmosets Pithecia Sakis Alouatta Howler Monkeys Callimico Goeldi’s Monkey Ateles Spider Monkeys Saimiri Brachyteles Squirrel Monkeys Woolly Spider Monkeys (Muriqui) Lagothrix Cebus Woolly Monkeys Capuchin Monkeys Taxonomy of marmosets and tamarins 2008-present Anthropoidea Suborder Platyrrhini Infraorder SuperFamily Ceboidea Family Callitrichidae Leontopithecus Lion Tamarins Saguinus Tamarins Callithrix Marmosets Cebuella Pygmy Marmosets Callimico Goeldi’s Monkey Taxonomy of New World monkeys 2008-present Suborder Anthropoidea Infraorder Platyrrhini SuperFamily Ceboidea Family Atelidae Pitheciidae Cebidae Alouatta Aotidae Howler Monkeys Cebus Callicebus Lagothrix Capuchin Monkeys Titi Monkeys Woolly Monkeys Cacajao Saimiri Uakaris Ateles Squirrel Monkeys Spider Monkeys Chiropotes Bearded Sakis Aotus Brachyteles Owl Monkeys Woolly Spider Monkeys (Muriqui) Pithecia Sakis Meet the monkeys: Atelids, Pithecids and Aotids Meet the monkeys: Cebids Distribution of new World monkeys • Spider monkeys, howler monkeys, owl monkeys, capuchin and squirrel monkeys occur from Central America to S. America • Sakis, Bearded sakis, woolly monkeys, woolly spider monkeys (muriquis), uakaris, and Titi monkeys occur only in s. america Habitats of new World monkeys • Lowland tropical rainforest – Primary vs. Secondary Physical characteristics • Size/weight ranges from – Very small .8-1.2 lbs squirrel Monkeys – Small 1.5-4 lbs: titis, sakis, capuchins, Owl monkeys – Medium 4-8 lbs: capuchins, uakaris, bearded sakis – Large 8-20 lbs: Muriquis, spider monkeys, woolly monkeys, Howlers Physical characteristics • Variety of colors • Depending on Species some sexual dimorphism • Examples of sexual dichromatism Physical characteristics • Tails are various lengths – Only the howlers, spiders, woolies, and muriuis have prehensile tails – Capuchin has semi-prehensile tail • Squirrel monkey infants have slightly prehensile tail but not adults Physical characteristics • Owl monkeys are the only true nocturnal monkey (although one subspecies shows cathemeral activity) • Eyes lack color cone cells and only have rod cells (which serve for twilight vision) • Do have a fovea in the retina which is responsible for sharp vision (prosimians do not) suggesting that they adapted to nocturnal activity; Enables them to catch insects at night Physical characteristics • Howler monkeys are known for their “long calls” in which they use the phyrangeal pouch at throat to amplify vocalzations. Physical characteristics • Hands and feet are adapted to the habitat they utilize • Spider and woolly spider monkeys have long fingers for semi- brachiation and no thumb • Capuchin monkeys hands and thumb have capability for manipulation which contributes to tool use Tool use in capuchins • While they don’t have true thumb opposition like humans they have what’s referred to as “lateral pinch” opposition • The lateral pinch movement allows ability to solve manual and cognitively demanding tasks – also used by humans for activities requiring a high Degree of precision like writing with a pen Tool use in capuchins • Precision manual dexterity along with intelligence made them popular as “service animals” from long ago collecting tips for the organ grinder Tool use in capuchins • Precision manual dexterity along with intelligence made them popular as “service animals” from long ago collecting tips for the organ grinder to present day as para and quadriplegic aides Knowing this: You Can create Intelligent enrichment • Puzzle feeders .