Understanding Global Conflict & Cooperation: Intro to Theory & History Joseph S. Nye Jr. David A. Welch Ninth Edition ISBN 10: 1-292-02318-X ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02318-2 Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk © Pearson Education Limited 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affi liation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN 10: 1-292-02318-X ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02318-2 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Printed in the United States of America 329363201265297119149438517 PEARSON C U S T OM LIBRAR Y Table of Contents 1. Glossary Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 1 2. Are There Enduring Logics of Cooperation in World Politics? Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 7 3. Explaining Conflict and Cooperation: Tools and Techniques of the Trade Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 43 4. From Westphalia to World War I Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 85 5. The Failure of Collective Security and World War II Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 119 6. The Cold War Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 149 7. Post-Cold War Cooperation, Conflict, Flashpoints Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 201 8. Globalization and Interdependence Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 265 9. The Information Revolution and Transnational Actors Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 297 10. What Can We Expect in the Future? Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 329 Index 363 I GLOSSARY Actor Any person or body whose Bipolarity The structure of an inter- decisions and actions have repercussions national system in which two states for international politics. States, non- or alliances of states dominate world governmental organizations, multina- politics. The Cold War division between tional corporations, and even occasionally the United States and the Soviet Union is individuals qualify as international actors. often referred to as a bipolar system. Alliances Formal or informal arrange- Bretton Woods New Hampshire resort ments made between sovereign states, where a 1944 conference established the usually to ensure mutual security. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Anarchy The absence of hierarchy. The World Bank. Westphalian system of sovereign states Cold War The standoff between the is anarchic because there is no authority United States and the Soviet Union that above states. When used in the study of lasted from roughly the end of World international politics, anarchy is gener- War II until the fall of the Berlin Wall in ally not used as a synonym for chaos, 1989. Though proxy wars were fought since anarchic systems can be very on behalf of both sides around the globe, orderly. U.S. and Soviet troops did not engage in Appeasement Generally, the act or direct combat, making this a “cold” war policy of accommodating the demands rather than a “hot” shooting war. of an assertive power in an attempt to Collective security A means of main- prevent conflict; more specifically, when taining peace in which a group of states referring to British policy between the agree on an institutional framework and two world wars, the policy of satisfying legal mechanism to prevent or respond Germany’s legitimate grievances. to aggression. Two examples of collec- Arab Spring The wave of protests and tive security actions under the auspices uprisings against authoritarian regimes of the United Nations were the Korean in North Africa and the Middle East War (1950–1953) and the Persian Gulf that began in Tunisia in December 2010. War (1991). Asymmetry Situations in which states Congress of Vienna An 1815 agreement or other actors with unbalanced power that marked the end of the Napoleonic capabilities are in opposition to one Wars and established the general frame- another. The U.S. war against al Qaeda work for the European international is widely regarded as an asymmetrical system in the nineteenth century. conflict. Constructivism An analytical approach Balance of power A term commonly to international relations that empha- used to describe (1) the distribution of sizes the importance of ideas, norms, power in the international system at any cultures, and social structures in shaping given time, (2) a policy of allying with actors’ identities, interests, and actions. one state or group of states so as to pre- John Ruggie, Alexander Wendt, and vent another state from gaining a pre- Peter Katzenstein are considered con- ponderance of power, (3) a realist theory structivists. about how states behave under anarchy, Containment A foreign policy designed or (4) the multipolar system of Europe to prevent a potential aggressor from in the nineteenth century. expanding its influence geographically. 1 Glossary Containment was the cornerstone of Game Theory The analysis of how American foreign policy toward Soviet rational actors will behave in contexts communism during the Cold War. of strategic interaction. Cosmopolitanism The view that indi- GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs viduals, not sovereign states, are the and Trade) An international agreement relevant moral units in world affairs, on tariffs and trade that began in 1947 and that moral principles such as human and was replaced in 1994 by the WTO rights are universal rather than culture- (World Trade Organization). specific. Charles Beitz is a prominent Geopolitics A theory of international cosmopolitan theorist. politics that considers the location, Counterfactuals Thought experiments proximity, and power of a state a key that imagine situations with a carefully cause of its behavior. selected change of facts. These are often Globalization At its broadest, the term phrased as “what if” questions and are is used to describe worldwide networks employed in the analysis of scenarios in of interdependence. It has a number of international relations to explore causal dimensions, including economic, cul- relationships. tural, military, and political globaliza- Crisis stability A measure of the pressure tion. It is not a new phenomenon—it leaders feel to escalate to war during an dates back at least to the Silk Road— international crisis. but due to the information revolution, Cuban missile crisis A standoff in its contemporary form is “thicker and October 1962 between the United quicker” than previous ones. States and the Soviet Union over the Global Public Goods Extension of the deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in public goods concept in economics, Cuba. The crisis was resolved when the which refers to goods that are nonrival Soviets removed their missiles, partly in and nonexcludable. Examples include exchange for a secret agreement that the knowledge and a stable climate. United States would remove similar mis- Hard power The ability to obtain desired siles based in Turkey. outcomes through coercion or payment. Dependency theory A theory of devel- Hegemony The ability to exercise opment inspired by Marxism, popular control within a system of states. The in the 1960s and 1970s, that predicted United States is often said to exercise wealthy countries at the “center” of the military hegemony today. international system would hold back IGO (intergovernmental organization) “peripheral” developing countries. An organization whose members are Deterrence A strategy of dissuading a sovereign states. The United Nations, potential aggressor through threat IMF, and World Bank are examples or fear. of IGOs. Commonly referred to as Economic interdependence Situations international institutions. characterized by reciprocal economic IMF (International Monetary Fund) An effects among countries or actors in international institution set up after different countries. See Interdependence. World War II to lend money, primarily Fourteen Points Woodrow Wilson’s to developing countries, to help stabilize blueprint for a settlement at the end of currencies or cover balance-of-payments World War I. Among its most important problems. See Bretton Woods. features was a call for an international INGO (international nongovernmental institution that would safeguard collec- organizations) A subset of NGOs with tive security. See League of Nations. an international focus. See NGO. 2 Glossary Interdependence Situations characterized Relations theory (some of whom are by reciprocal effects among countries or classical realists) generally prefer to other actors. speak of international society rather International Court of Justice (ICJ) An than the international system. Neoreal- international tribunal for settling dis- ists prefer the opposite. putes between states and for providing International system See System. legal opinions on questions submitted Intervention External actions that to it by the UN General Assembly and influence the domestic affairs of a sover- other authorized bodies. The Statute of eign state. Most often this term is used to the International Court of Justice is an refer to forcible interference by one or integral part of the UN Charter (Chapter more states in another state’s domestic XIV). Based in the Hague, the ICJ is the affairs. successor to the League of Nations’ Per- Jus ad bellum That part of just war manent Court of International Justice. doctrine that specifies the conditions International Criminal Court (ICC) A under which states may morally resort permanent tribunal of last resort for try- to war.