Mahpiya Vanderbilt ¨ Canadian opinion reflected Britain’s view which leaned towards South ¨ Both Britain and Canada were officially neutral ¨ Washington was hostile to Britain and British North America ¨ Britain and Canada feared attack on Canada by Union forces ¡ Thought the Union would seek Canada as new territory ¨ People felt that the colonies cost too much to maintain ¡ the cost of protective trade tariffs ¡ the cost of maintaining the apparatus of political control ¨ Colonies began to approach England about independence and confederation ¡ England was willing give up political hold on the colonies ¡ Intended to keep as much economic control as possible ¨ British North America ¨ British Controlled Colonies ¡ United Province of Canada ¡ Newfoundland ¡ The Maritimes ú New Brunswick ú Prince Edward Island ú Nova Scotia ¡ Rupert’s Land ¨ Slavery ban in Canada was official by 1833 ¨ Underground Railroad ¡ An informal network of safe houses and people ¡ Helped fugitive slaves travel from slave states in the US to free states or Canada ¡ Perhaps 30,000 slaves reached Canada ¡ Operated c. 1840-60 ¡ was most effective after the passage of the US Fugitive Slave Act in 1850 ú Resulted in several efforts to kidnap fugitives who were in Canada to return them to Southern owners ¨ Used Canada as a base ¨ Wanted to start a war between Canada and The Union ¨ Many Confederates hid in Canada ¨ One man had orders from the Confederate War Department ¡ for "detailed for special service” in Canada and was empowered to carry out “any hostile operation” that did not violate Canadian neutrality. ¡ Came to be known as the Northwest Conspiracy ¨ Alabama was a confederate warship ¡ Constructed in Britain ¡ US sought to detain it in Britain ¡ Alabama escaped ¡ Attacked many Union trade ships ú Inflicted great losses ¡ Union wanted compensation from the British ú submitted to arbitration in 1871, ú Issue dealt with in the Treaty of Washington ¨ Serious diplomatic crisis between Britain and US ¨ November 8, 1861 ¨ Captain Charles Wilkes, USS San Jacinto, seized the RMS Trent in neutral waters ¡ RMS-Royal Mail Ship ¨ Captured 2 Confederate diplomats ¡ envoys were bound for London and Paris in order to press the Confederacy’s case for diplomatic recognition in Europe ¨ Violated British Neutrality ¡ Britain demanded apologies and surrender of diplomats ¨ War appeared possible ¡ Canada would be the battleground ¨ British Troops sent to garrisons, had to cross Maine to reach Canada ¡ Recognized Canada’s vulnerability ¨ Confederate diplomats returned without apology ¡ Dec 26, 1862 ¨ December 7, 1863 ¨ 16 Confederate sympathizers seized American Coastal Steamer Chesapeake ¨ Diverted it to Saint John, NB ¨ After refueling moved to Nova Scotian Waters ¡ Nova Scotians cooperated with hijackers ¨ USS Dacotah reclaimed Chesapeake in British Waters ¡ Capturing confederates and 2 nova scotians ¨ Towed to Halifax where 1 nova scotian escaped ¨ Americans violated British Sovereignty ¨ Illustrated hostility Maritimer’s felt toward the United States ¨ October 19, 1864 ¨ Confederate agents based in Canada robbed 3 banks in St. Albans, Vermont ¨ Fled back to Canada ¨ Pursued by union forces over the border ¨ 13 were arrested and held for extradition ¨ Released on a technicality ¨ Montreal judge ruled the raid an authorized confederate government operation not a felony ¡ Felony would allow extradition via Webster-Ashburton Treaty ¨ Between 33,000 and 55,00 candians fought in the civil war ¨ A few hundred fought for the Confederates ¨ At least 29 Candians were awarded the Medal of Honor ¨ Canada refused to return 15,000 deserters and draft dodgers ¨ Large booming economic growth for BNA ¨ War in the US created a huge market for Canada's agricultural and manufactured goods ¡ Most of exports went to the northern side ¨ Collapse in the Southern States' exports to the world also led to increases in the prices of many of Canada's exports ¨ Initiated 1857 by Irish Americans who wanted Ireland’s independence from Britain ¨ Main movement occurred between 1866-1870 ¨ Strong American Wing ¡ By 1865 10,000 civil war veterans had joined ¨ Faction split into 2 groups ¡ Roberts intent on invading Canada ¡ O’Mahoney favored uprising in Ireland ¨ Wanted to take Canada hostage ¨ Many attacks on the border of Canada ¡ 5 major raids ¨ Canadian hostility towards Americans increased ¡ U.S. gov’ts perceived tolerance of Fenians ¨ Canadian Militias improved ¡ Poor performance during the raids convinced them they needed to improve ¨ Canadian nationalism grew ¡ Felt that unity was important for safety ¡ Added to the want for Confederation ¨ Negotiated 1871 ¡ Effective 1873 ¨ Issues ¡ American claim for reparations for the Alabama incident ¡ American wants of fishing rights in Canada ¡ Restitution to Canada for the Fenian raids ú Americans refused to have this on the agenda ¨ Some Americans hoped Britain would cede Canada in the negotiations ¨ US gained 15.5 million in compensation for the destruction caused by the Alabama ¨ Britain ended up compensating Canada for the Fenian raids with 2.5 million ¨ American Secretary of State ¡ 1861 –1869 ¨ Engineered 1867 purchase of Alaska from Russia ¨ Huge believer in manifest destiny ¡ Felt that Canada was to become a part of the US ¡ 1860- Seward praised the people of Rupert's Land for conquering the wilderness and creating a great state for the American Union ¨ 1865-66 annexationism was a factor in the American abrogation of reciprocity ¡ an agreement between Canada and the US, controversial on both sides, to mutually reduce import duties and protective tariffs charged on goods exchanged between the two ¨ 1866- Bill was passed by House of Representatives ¡ intended that the United States acquire all of what is now Canada ¨ Origin ¡ Introduced by former General Nathanial Banks ¡ Passed in the US House of Representatives in July 1866 ¡ Failed in US Senate ¨ Purpose ¡ For the US to acquire all of British North America ¨ Value ¡ shows that many people felt that Canada was supposed to be a part of the United States ¡ People of Canada were justified in their fear of being annexed ¨ Limitation ¡ Written as a bill which meant it was made for the US government, not the general public. ¡ Written by Americans for Americans ¨ The tension between the United States and Britain ¡ Led to concern for the security and independence of the British colonies ¡ Helped to consolidate momentum for the confederation of the colonies in 1867 ¨ Affected the formation of new government ¡ Many Fathers of Confederation concluded that the seceding of the South was caused by too much power being given to the states ¡ They resolved to create a more centralized federation. ¡ They also believed that an excess of democracy or mob rule was a contributing factor ¡ They made the Canadian government less democratic ú with institutions such as the appointed Senate and the British appointed Governor-General, who was an official of the British government ¨ An act of the British Parliament passed on July 1, 1867 ¨ Only the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were included ¨ Created the Dominion of Canada ¨ Set out its constitution ¨ Laid out the structure of the government of Canada ¨ Listed the division of powers between the federal government and the provincial governments ¨ One of the guiding principles of the British North America Act was Peace, Order, and Good government ¨ Later renamed the Constitution Act of 1867 ¨ ¨ http://freedomandunity.org/1800s/attack_st_albans.html ¨ http://www.canadiana.ca/en/home ¨ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-2400.09-e.html ¨ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-2400-e.html ¨ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/023001/f4/nlc001847-v3.gif ¨ http://www.flickr.com/photos/20939975@N04/2509633892/ ¨ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.co, ¨ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/alabama ¨ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/american-civil-war ¨ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/british-north-america-act ¨ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/chesapeake-affair-1863 ¨ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/confederation ¨ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/st-albans-raid ¨ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/treaty-of-washington ¨ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/trent-affair ¨ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/underground-railroad ¨ http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1774fenian_e.shtml ¨ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/additional-publications/civil-war/p37.htm ¨ McPherson, James. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. 1988. Oxford University Press. 2003. Print. .