1 Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, Finland Monitoring methodology and protocols for 20 habitats, 20 species and 20 birds Twinning Project MK 13 IPA EN 02 17 Strengthening the capacities for effective implementation of the acquis in the field of nature protection Report D 3.1. - 1. 7.11.2019 Funded by the European Union The Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Department of Nature, Republic of North Macedonia Metsähallitus (Parks and Wildlife Finland), Finland The State Service for Protected Areas (SSPA), Lithuania 2 This project is funded by the European Union This document has been produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the Twinning Project MK 13 IPA EN 02 17 and and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union 3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Summary 6 Overview 8 Establishment of Natura 2000 network and the process of site selection .............................................................. 9 Preparation of reference lists for the species and habitats ..................................................................................... 9 Needs for data .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Protocols for the monitoring of birds ..................................................................................................................... 10 Protocols for the monitoring of habitat types.......................................................................................................... 1 Protocols for the monitoring of species ................................................................................................................... 7 Inventory methods and equipment for animals ...................................................................................................... 9 Fact sheets and conservation status ...................................................................................................................... 17 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................ 18 Field forms .............................................................................................................................................................. 19 2. Fact Sheets for Bird Species ................................................................................................................................ 55 2.1. Goosander (Mergus merganser) ............................................................................................................ 55 2.2. Hazel Grouse (Bonasa bonasia) .............................................................................................................. 57 2.3. Black-necked Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) .............................................................................................. 59 2.4. Pygmy Cormorant (Microcarbo pygmaeus) ........................................................................................... 61 2.5. Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus) ................................................................................................... 63 2.6. Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) ................................................................................................................. 65 2.7. Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) ...................................................................................................... 67 2.8. Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus) ...................................................................................................... 69 2.9. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) ........................................................................................................... 71 2.10. Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) ...................................................................................................... 73 2.11. Coot (Fulica atra) .................................................................................................................................... 75 2.12. Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) ........................................................................................................... 77 2.13. Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) ........................................................................................................ 79 2.14. Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius) ................................................................................................ 81 2.15. Middle Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos medius) ............................................................................ 83 2.16. White-backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos) ............................................................................ 85 2.17. Woodlark (Lullula arborea) ..................................................................................................................... 87 2.18. Barred Warbler (Sylvia nisoria) ............................................................................................................... 89 2.19. Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio) ........................................................................................................ 91 2.20. Red-billed Chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) ....................................................................................... 93 4 3. Habitat types ...................................................................................................................................................... 95 3.1.1. Freshwater habitats ................................................................................................................................ 95 3.1.1.1. Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or Isoeto-Nanojuncetea .......................................................................................................................................... 95 3.1.2. Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition - type vegetation ...................... 100 3.1.3. Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation ......................................................................................................................................................... 106 3.2. Temperate heath and scrub ................................................................................................................. 113 3.2.1. Alpine and Boreal heaths.................................................................................................................. 113 3.3. Sclerophyllous Scrub (Matorral) ........................................................................................................... 118 3.3.1. Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands ............................................. 118 3.4. Natural and semi-natural grassland formations ............................................................................................ 124 3.4.1. Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea ............................................... 124 3.4.2. Pannonic sand steppes ........................................................................................................................... 129 3.4.3. Oro-Moesian acidophilous grasslands .................................................................................................... 133 3.4.4. Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels ............. 139 3.5. Raised bogs, mires and fens ................................................................................................................. 145 3.5.1. Transition mires and quaking bogs ................................................................................................... 145 3.5.2. Mineral-rich springs and springfens (Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens) ............ 151 3.5.3. Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion) ..................................................................... 156 3.6. Rocky habitats ...................................................................................................................................... 160 3.6.1. Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation ...................................................................... 160 3.6.2. Medio-European upland siliceous screes ......................................................................................... 164 3.6.3. Caves not open to public .................................................................................................................. 168 3.7. Forests .................................................................................................................................................. 172 3.7.1. Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) 172 3.7.2. Eastern white oak woods* ............................................................................................................... 177 3.7.3. Moesian beech forests ....................................................................................................................